TernionAG · Source catalogue

A one-box crop of the 190-word notice 'A 1937 PATENT' on printed p.56 of Voss's column. The OCR and the digest of this crop contain errors (patent number, dates, '1986 NPT Conference', '1997 patents'); the deep read of the full column, checked against page images, gives the correct text: US 2,089,966 issued 17 Aug 1937, US filing 5 Dec 1932, German priority 9 Dec 1931. Use the full Voss entry (index 1), not this crop's digest.

Key claims

• US 2,089,966 was issued on 17 August 1937 to E. E. W. Kassner of Arbon (US filing 5 Dec 1932; German priority 9 Dec 1931) [the OCR in this crop reads these dates wrongly].

Relevance: Duplicate evidence for the editor's 1987 note; only useful as a check that the crop and the column agree.

Mainstream conflict: none

A scanned photocopy of the editor's regular news column, written early 1987. About nine-tenths is reporting on three 1986 conferences (IMPI Memphis, BNCE/IMPI Cambridge, Ontario Hydro Toronto), exhibitor lists, book notes and an RF-safety item. The Kassner material is one boxed notice of about 190 words on printed p.56: Voss received a copy of US 2,089,966, said Kassner 'did some remarkable experiments', that its page 6 lines 61-71 (the list of chemical reactions 'enforced' by resonant fields: isoprene to rubber-like polymer, vulcanisation with sulphur, Bakelite A/B to C, quicker-drying varnish, acetylene + water to acetaldehyde) 'read akin to the summary of a 1986 IMPI Conference session', and that 'In truth he foresaw both the microwave oven and the industrial electromagnetic energy applicators' (hedged: Kassner 'sketched' the subject, 'perhaps that is the key word'). He asked 'Who was Ernst Kassner?' and offered a year's free airmail subscription for an authenticated photograph and story. No follow-up is in the folder. The column does not mention Ternion, Bauch or the 1945 Goodrich/Firestone patent purchase.

Key claims

• In 1987 the editor of the main RF/microwave-power journal judged that US 2,089,966 (1937) described RF/microwave curing and vulcanisation and dual-frequency applicators ahead of their time.
• In 1987 the microwave-power community did not know who E. E. W. Kassner was (the editor asked readers for a biography).
• US patents of 1937 did not print citations (Voss), so Kassner's other patents could not be traced from US 2,089,966.

Relevance: Only independent professional comment on Kassner in the folder. It is an editor's hedged opinion, not an evaluation or test; it supports 'obscure' not 'suppressed' and does not support any specific resonance, orientation or preservation claim.

Mainstream conflict: none (the opinion is that RF heating was anticipated, which is conventional dielectric heating)

US counterpart of the 1933/34 Kassner apparatus family: granted 1 Mar 1938, filed 15 Sep 1934, German priority 31 Aug 1933, 12 claims. The specification is GB448417 (concentric-tube resonators with capacitive sliding 'symmetry reflection pistons', bevelled-end impedance transitions, telescoping dipole antennas, a Lecher-type differential wavemeter with duplex-diode rectifier, Drude dielectric-constant method) plus GB448494 (the electro-optical polarimeter printed in full) plus extra valve circuits (Figs 24, 26-34) corresponding to GB448419's multiple-system valves. All twelve claims are to the transmitter and its tube resonators; the wavemeter and polarimeter are not claimed. There is no frequency, power, substance, temperature or result anywhere. The only dipole-substance statements are qualitative: Debye anomalous-dispersion bands of biological and organic molecules lie in the quasi-optical range; the birefringence 'can be released by a relatively small amount of energy' (an unsupported new sentence relative to the GB texts).

Key claims

• A single instrument combining a valve generator, tunable concentric-tube resonators and radiators can generate and apply quasi-optical (cm-dm) waves.
• Total reflection in concentric tubes with bevelled ends gives low-loss tuning from decimetre to metre waves.
• Debye relaxation and natural frequencies of biological and organic dipole substances lie in the quasi-optical band, so the apparatus can test and influence them.

Relevance: Engineering competence evidence for Kassner's 1933-34 microwave hardware. Not evidence of any biological, chemical, preservation or rubber effect; do not cite it for those.

Mainstream conflict: none for the hardware (competent 1930s coaxial-resonator practice); the dipole-substance 'orientation effects hitherto unknown' sentence is untested

French patent in Kassner's own name (no assignee, no Ternion), filed in Paris 8 Mar 1932, German priority 9 Mar 1931, published 26 Sep 1933 (the OCR prints the grant as 27 June 1939, almost certainly a slip for 1933). It describes a hand-held Tesla-current applicator, the 'diffuseur O': spark gaps (small metal spheres in pairs, or metal particles/mercury in tubes) embedded in oil or magnesium oxide, coupled by perforated metal plates acting as a tuned plate capacitor, claimed to radiate 'ultra-short waves of 0.5 mm and beyond' together with the diathermic and ionising effect of the high-frequency discharge into a patient who completes the circuit; air or oxygen is blown into the discharge, and a UV-transparent cap passes the ultraviolet produced. Nine claims, all to process or apparatus. No dose, disease, power, frequency, case or measurement is given.

Key claims

• A Tesla-current discharge through arc-protected spark-gap oscillators radiates ultra-short waves (0.5 mm and longer) in the same place and time as the diathermic and ionising effects of the discharge, so the therapeutic action is 'considerably increased'.
• Spark gaps of unequal size give a broad 'complicated line spectrum' band of waves, with ultraviolet generated at the same time.

Relevance: Earliest dated Kassner invention in the folder (German priority March 1931), before any Ternion filing; shows he started with medical spark-gap applicators. The 'mass of metal particles in a dielectric' idea foreshadows later dipolar-substance work.

Mainstream conflict: Emission at 0.5 mm (about 600 GHz) from mm-scale spark gaps in oil is asserted, not shown; the real effect of such an applicator is that of the Tesla/d'Arsonval discharge itself (heating, ionisation, ozone, UV) [memory, medium]

British valve patent (Convention 31 Aug 1933 per family, UK 31 Aug 1934, printed 1937) for double-ended multiple-system vacuum valves: two or more anode/grid systems around common filament cathodes, every electrode leading out both ends as a 'wave-conductor' (Lecher-type line) that can be tuned, with sliding contacts for thermal expansion; many circuits (space-charge/Barkhausen-Kurz-type, negative resistance by secondary emission, reaction) in single, parallel and push-pull use. Six tables give tuning-line lengths against wavelength: 0.33-1.1 m (Table 1, 32.9-107.6 cm), 2.45-4.5 m (Table 3), 3.5-4.9 m (Table 4), 2.05-2.90 m (Table 5), 1.5-1.94 m (Table 6, the only one called 'measured'); operating voltages (Table 2: grid +125 to +300 V, anode -45 to -5 V for 30-110 cm). The only efficiency figure is 'about 40%' for the two-valve push-pull circuit of Fig. 30 (Table 4), undefined and unmeasured as far as the text shows. 51 claims, all structural or circuit-topology; none carries a number. No experiment on materials or organisms.

Key claims

• A multiple-system, double-ended valve with tunable wave-conductors generates stable, powerful quasi-optical and ultra-short waves over several octaves.
• A two-valve push-pull circuit generates waves of 3.5-4.9 m with an efficiency of 'about 40%'.
• The valve can generate a continuous band 0.33-1.1 m (Table 1) and 2.05-4.9 m (Tables 3-5).

Relevance: The generator hardware behind the dipole-substance work; the tables are the only quoted power/efficiency numbers in the whole family and they are the patentee's own, untested by anyone else.

Mainstream conflict: none (conventional 1930s UHF valve engineering); 40% efficiency is high for the era and unsupported

Hardware parent of the 1933/34 family (Convention 31 Aug 1933, UK 31 Aug 1934, accepted 2 Jun 1936, 13 claims): valve generator plus concentric-tube resonators with sliding two-disc capacitive reflection bridges, bevelled/tapered ends for impedance grading, double and push-pull tube oscillators, a feeder/antenna/coupler, a tunable dipole of extensible copper-plated spring strips on rubber-coated friction wheels, valve sockets with thermo-indicator, and a three-wire differential Lecher wavemeter with duplex-diode rectifier (also usable with Drude's method for dielectric constants). Waves 'between a few centimetres and a few metres'. Its stated rationale is Debye anomalous dispersion of dipole substances 'as shown by repeatedly performed experimental investigations' (unidentified). No wavelength, power, substance or result is given; rubber appears only as a friction-wheel coating. Claims 9-11 (wavemeter) are claimed only here in the family.

Key claims

• Generation and application of quasi-optical waves in one instrument was 'hitherto unknown'; total reflection in concentric tubes makes it practical.
• A differential three-wire Lecher system with duplex-diode rectifiers gives an absolute wavelength measurement more precisely than plate-bridge Lecher systems.

Relevance: Shows Kassner's coaxial-resonator and wavemeter engineering; contains no biological, chemical or rubber-treatment claim, so it must not be cited for such effects.

Mainstream conflict: none

Divided out of GB448417 (Convention 31 Aug 1933, accepted 2 Jun 1936, 7 claims). It describes how the 'natural frequency' of a dipolar substance would be found: the sample sits in a tunable coaxial-tube resonator between light-transmitting gold-film-coated glass plates that also act as sliding RF reflecting bridges; polarised light with quarter-wave plates passes through; the RF is stepped through frequencies and the frequencies at which the sample 'becomes doubly refractive' (darkening or brightening in the analyser) are noted. Variants: transverse polarimeter that scans along the standing wave, DC bias, flow-through and thermostat. It reports NO measured natural frequency, width, sample, field strength or result. The deep read notes that no control separates a sample resonance from cavity field-strength changes, loading or heating, and that Debye theory predicts a broad low-pass orientational birefringence (strongest at low frequency), not a peak at a 'natural frequency'.

Key claims

• Every dipolar substance has one or more natural frequencies in the quasi-optical range, and it becomes doubly refractive when exposed to an electromagnetic field of that frequency.
• Scanning the RF frequency with a coaxial resonator and observing the polarised-light field for darkening or brightening finds the natural frequencies.

Relevance: The only document that says how 'natural frequencies' would be detected; a proposed method, with no data. A buildable 1930s design that a modern replication could use with a non-polar control liquid and a field probe.

Mainstream conflict: Standard Debye theory gives a broad relaxation hump and a low-pass Kerr-type birefringence; a sharp birefringence peak at a 'natural frequency' is not predicted [memory, high]

British counterpart of the 1931 German spark-gap applicator (Convention 9 Mar 1931, UK 8 Mar 1932, accepted 17 Nov 1932, 8 claims; Kassner of Dusseldorferstrasse, Berlin, sole applicant, no Ternion). A Tesla high-tension high-frequency current is passed over arc-protected spark gaps (metal spheres, or metal particles/mercury in oil or magnesium oxide) and discharged to an earthed body such as a person; waves 'from 0.5 mm wavelength upwards' are said to be radiated together with the discharge and absorbed with the aid of diathermy and collision ionisation. No disease, dose, voltage, frequency, case or measurement. Medical content is only the title and the phrase 'medico-therapeutical purposes'.

Key claims

• Ultra-short waves from 0.5 mm upward can be produced by directing a Tesla discharge through arc-protected spark gaps into an earthed body, and are absorbed with the help of diathermy and ionisation.

Relevance: Dates Kassner's work to 1931-32 and shows his first filings were medical spark-gap devices, not the resonance process. A lead: the German 1931 priority application and other national family members were not read.

Mainstream conflict: Emission at sub-mm wavelengths from the described gaps is asserted, not demonstrated [memory, medium]

Divided out of GB417501 (filed 28 Dec 1932, accepted 29 Sep 1934, 23 claims); the plate-oscillator patent. It has two layers. The 1932 provisional states: a 10 cm disc pair 1 cm apart has fundamental about 30 cm, with 1-, 2- and 3-circle patterns at 13, 8.33 and 6.2 cm, and contradicts itself on whether closer spacing raises or lowers the frequency. The 1933-34 complete specification is a correct Bessel-mode treatment: E = A J_p(wr/v) cos(p phi) cos(wt) with edge condition E = 0 or dE/dr = 0, zeros 2.405, 3.832, 5.135, 5.520 ..., and the worked example R = 10 cm gives lambda = 26.2 cm and 1.14e9 Hz (a printed units slip: that is f not omega; and eq. (3) is printed inverted); rectangular 20 x 10 cm plates give 18 cm; a layered-dielectric formula e_res = d / sum(d_n/e_n); Q-magnification A = E0/(2k). The gap d does not affect the frequency in a homogeneous gap. The deep read shows the provisional's ratios 30:13:8.33:6.2 are the J0 zero ratios anchored on a fundamental about 2.3 times too long for the stated disc (an effective radius 11.5 cm or e_res 5.3 would be needed, but a 1 mm water layer in a 1 cm gap gives only 1.11) and that the complete specification never reconciles this. Feed or lead inductance is never discussed (a reviewer hypothesis for the discrepancy). Birefringence imaging of nodal patterns, lens-shaped dielectrics and production apparatus are described; no power, Q, sample or measurement appears in the complete specification.

Key claims

• A pair of conducting plates with distributed capacitance and inductance has sharp natural electromagnetic oscillations whose frequencies follow Bessel-zero mode theory, with mode patterns visible as double refraction in a dipolar layer between them.
• A circular plate pair of radius 10 cm has its fundamental at lambda = 26.2 cm; a 20 x 10 cm rectangular pair at 18 cm.
• Provisional (1932): a 10 cm-diameter disc pair at 1 cm spacing resonates at 30 cm (about 3 x diameter), which is not reconciled with the complete specification's theory.

Relevance: Central to claim 5 and to GB417501: the experiments reported there (6.2 cm disc at 18.6 cm, 39 cm disc at 116 cm) follow the superseded '3 x diameter' rule, which this patent's own theory contradicts by a factor of about 3.

Mainstream conflict: The complete specification is textbook radial-line/cavity theory (no conflict); the 1932 tuning figures conflict with it and with GB483062's worked example [calc]

Convention date 6 Jul 1935, UK application 2 Jul 1936, stamped 'APPLICATION VOID ... not Accepted', so not a granted patent. It combines the plate resonator of GB417564 with a discharge path (valve, arc, magnetron, or discharge in the same vessel) to make a self-exciting 'plate oscillator'. Equations (1)-(20): Bessel modes (note the patent swaps the meaning of 'free' and 'loaded' edge between Sections I and II), stored energy U = (1/9e11)(e/8d)R^2[J0^2+J1^2]V0^2 (units and prefactor verified correct), delta = NT/2U, load resistance R_s = 1.8e12 T d / (delta e R^2 [J0^2+J1^2]) with worked example R = 20 cm, T = 1.09e-9 s, d = 1 cm, delta = 0.3 giving 102 ohm (reproduced: x = 3.832, lambda = 32.7 cm); negative-resistance condition Z1+Z2 = 0 and the transmission-line impedance transformation. Competent 1930s microwave engineering. The worked example (40 cm disc, 1 cm gap, 32.7 cm) contradicts GB417501's statement that a 39 cm disc at 1 cm gap resonates at 116 cm (a factor 3.5), and GB417501's gap tuning contradicts this patent's gap-independent frequency equations. No measured data. QE follow-up (pp.8-12, read in full): these pages are a catalogue of valve connections, coupling schemes, annular and rectangular plates, antennas and in-vessel plate systems (Figs. 15-45) plus claims 1-35, and contain no measured or stated plate dimension, wavelength, frequency, power, efficiency, Q or experiment; claims 22-25 and 28 name dielectric filling, plate spacing and thermostat as tuning levers without numbers; no claim mentions a wavelength, size, biological or therapeutic use. Nothing here revises, explains or repeats the 1932 'lambda about 3 x diameter' figures, so that conflict stands (lambda = pi D / x gives lambda/D 1.71, 1.31, 0.82 for the first three roots; 3 would need x about 1.05, or a high-epsilon filling of about 3 that the patent never states). Claims dated 2 Jul 1936.

Key claims

• Plate resonators combined with a valve, arc or magnetron discharge path form self-exciting oscillators for the ultra-short-wave range.
• For R = 20 cm, d = 1 cm, e = 1, delta = 0.3 and T = 1.09e-9 s, the load resistance at the plate centre is 102 ohm.
• A 40 cm disc pair at 1 cm gap resonates near 32.7 cm (x = 3.83); this conflicts with GB417501's 39 cm disc at 116 cm.
• Claims 1-35 and pp.8-12 state no plate size, wavelength, power or efficiency; the 1932 'lambda about 3 x diameter' tuning is neither repeated nor explained.

Relevance: Gives the cleanest internal-consistency test of the Kassner/Ternion plate-resonance claim.

Mainstream conflict: none for the theory; the tuning figures in GB417501 conflict with it

The anchor Ternion patent: application 32,555/32 of 28 Dec 1932 (the OCR text layer misprints it 22,658), provisional dated 17 Nov 1932, complete specification left 15 Dec 1933, accepted 28 Sep 1934, 24 claims; Kassner is not named in the GB text (the applicant is the London agent J. Y. Johnson 'communicated from abroad by Ternion Aktiengesellschaft'). It claims that dipolar substances have sharp 'natural frequencies' (anomalous dispersion bands) in the infra-red-to-several-metres range and that a concentrated oscillating field at such a frequency alters the 'energy content' beyond heating. Three periods are listed (Debye relaxation, natural oscillation of charges within the dipole, quantum term differences) but only the first is developed. Experiments (no powers or controls in the provisional): gold sol resonance 18.6 cm at 20 C, 1 mm layer, 6.2 cm plates 1 cm apart, red to orange after 1 h (particle size decrease), flocculation after longer; agar-agar 116 cm, 39 cm plates (or 20 cm at 0.5 cm gap), more mobile then more viscous after hours; serum of a test person at 37 C has a strong band near 90 cm (half-width under 5 percent, detected by polarised light), pure water band about 1.28 cm, 'resonance dispersion' of electrolytes 'scarcely wider than delta-lambda = 2/100 lambda'. Preservation: fruit juices at about 40 cm and animal serum products at 85-95 cm kept 'for weeks' against spoilage 'within a few days' under 'otherwise identical conditions'; aroma retained; overdose causes 'profound chemical changes'. Complete specification adds milk 2 L at five frequencies 27.5-455 cm, 0.6-230 W, 2 min, fresh 28 days; veal 2.5 kg 2 weeks; apple juice 2 L 4 months; bean seeds 30 s at 35 C, 28 and 87 cm, 1.5 W, 'grew twice as much' in four weeks; gold sol 0.1 W; agar 10 W; chemical effects without catalyst (isoprene to rubber-like polymer, vulcanisation, Bakelite A/B to C, varnish drying, acetylene + water to acetic acid); electret surface charge 0.5-2.0 x 10^-9 C/cm^2 (not 10^-8: the OCR is wrong) made by orienting a wax mixture in the field and freezing, said to be 'richer in energy' and to release it as radiation of the same wavelength on 'thawing'; 'profound effects may be produced in men and animals' at serum frequencies. Counts, samples, spoilage criteria and an off-resonance or heat-matched control are absent. The '10 cm disc gives 30 cm' figure is NOT in this patent (it is in US2089966 and GB417564). QE follow-up (pp.9-12). OCR corrections from page images: milk 283 and 355 cm (not 288, 335), start 20 C; pastille lambda1 312 cm (not 332); electret and plaster charges are 10^-9 C/cm^2 throughout. Food tests in full: milk 2 L, 2 min at each of five bands (455/230, 283/160, 355/160, 163/23, 27.5/0.6 cm/W), 20 to 23 C, fresh 28 days, longer if re-exposed 5 min every hour at 3.2 W total; veal 2.5 kg, 3 min at four bands (468/250, 362/150, 184/10, 92.5/3), 20 to 24.5 C, fresh 2 weeks, longer with hourly 5 min at 3 W; apple juice 2 L, 1.5 min at four bands (475/200, 354/150, 145/15, 45/1.2), 22 to 24.5 C, no fermentation in 4 months in a covered jar. The keeping times therefore include continuing treatment, and the incident energy (about 69 kJ for the milk, 74 kJ veal, 33 kJ juice, if all absorbed) is of the order of the observed 2.5-4.5 K heating [calc]. No storage temperature, sample count, spoilage criterion or untreated comparison is given for any food test; the only control in the specification is 'similar untreated seeds' in the bean example (30 s at 35 C, 28 and 87 cm, 1.5 W, 'twice as much' growth after four weeks, no measure). Electrets: wax melt of 1,100 g, 10 min at 145-185 cm and 22.5 W with a constant field from 12,000 V over 10-20 mm, charge 'up to' 2 x 10^-9 C/cm^2; no constant-field-only control although electrets were already known and the constant field alone would make one. Two values for water: 1.28 cm 'characteristic of water' (p.10) against the roughly 1.5 cm friction band elsewhere in the family. Hydrogen 'term differences' 2.74, 9.25 and 27.75 cm (p.11) are the hydrogen fine-structure intervals of the n=2 P, n=3 P and n=3 D levels, 0.3652, 0.1082 and 0.0361 cm^-1, i.e. 2.738, 9.241 and 27.72 cm [calc: alpha^2 Ry / (n^3 l(l+1)) with alpha = 1/137.036, Ry = 109737 cm^-1]; the patent gives no derivation, and each of its three reaction bands (2.5-3.5, 8.6-9.5, 26.5-30.5 cm) brackets one of them, so these 'effective frequencies' look calculated from atomic theory, not measured (the deep reader's remark that they match no known hydrogen line is superseded: they match the fine structure, not the 21 cm hyperfine line). 24 claims, all process or use claims, none fixing a wavelength or power; claim 23 covers chemical reactions as radiation sources; claims dated 15 Dec 1933.

Key claims

• Dipolar substances have sharp natural frequencies between the infra-red and several metres, coinciding with their anomalous dispersion bands.
• Exposure to a concentrated field at a natural frequency permanently alters a substance's energy content beyond heating, including field-induced orientation and double refraction.
• Resonant exposure preserves foods for weeks (juices about 40 cm, animal products 85-95 cm), changes colloids (gold sol 18.6 cm, agar 116 cm), drives chemical reactions without catalyst, and promotes growth (beans).
• A frozen-in oriented substance stores energy and releases it as radiation of the same wavelength on thawing; electret charge 0.5-2.0 x 10^-9 C/cm^2.
• Serum has a strong natural frequency near 90 cm, so fields at serum frequencies produce profound effects in men and animals.
• Hydrogen 'term differences' of 2.74, 9.25 and 27.75 cm are the hydrogen fine-structure intervals, so these reaction-band frequencies are calculable, not measured.
• The milk and veal were kept fresh beyond 28 days and 2 weeks only with 5 minutes of re-exposure each hour; the apple juice test had no stated storage temperature, and only the bean example names a control.

Relevance: Primary source for the central scientific claims (1-3); every effect claim is the patentee's own, with no independent test in the folder.

Mainstream conflict: Debye theory gives broad relaxation, not sharp 'natural frequency' resonance; a 300-750 MHz photon is about 4,000-24,000 times below kT, so any effect must be collective; tissue and electrolyte dispersion at these frequencies is smooth in standard dielectric spectroscopy [memory, medium]; the 'energy content' change and energy-storage claims have no measurement

US twin of GB417501: filed 5 Dec 1932 (before the GB provisional of 28 Dec 1932), German priority 9 Dec 1931, patented 17 Aug 1937, 16 claims, no assignee and Ternion not named. The body is almost word for word the GB provisional plus the plate-oscillator engineering that GB put in 417,564: 10 cm discs 1 cm apart resonate near 30 cm, overtones at 13, 8.33 and 6.2 cm, gap and layer 1/10 and 1/100 of the diameter, gold-sputtered plates, crossed-Nicol detection (Fig. 4) used by every resonance figure, a light-relay and modulation idea. It omits the GB complete specification's powers, durations and quantities. Water friction dispersion at about 1.5 cm (Fig. 2) and 1.28 cm; resonance dispersion width 2 percent; serum 85-95 cm. Internal inconsistencies: the spacing rule is stated both ways (p.5 vs p.7), water at 1.5 vs 1.28 cm, 'few cubic centimetres' fits the sample layer not the field volume. No energy balance, power or field strength is given; the only measured quantity is the electret charge (0.5-2.0 x 10^-9 C/cm^2). The deep read computes h-nu at 30 cm as about 4e-6 eV, about 6,000 times below kT. Voss's 1987 note refers to this patent.

Key claims

• Same process and resonance claims as GB417501 (natural frequencies, permanent alteration of energy content, preservation, chemical reactions without catalyst, effects on men and animals).
• A 10 cm-diameter plate oscillator 1 cm apart has its fundamental near 30 cm, with overtones at 13, 8.33 and 6.2 cm.
• Orientation made permanent by freezing in the resonant field stores energy that is returned as radiation of the same wavelength.

Relevance: Voss's cited document and the US face of the central claims; weaker evidence than GB417501 because it drops all quantitative experiment detail.

Mainstream conflict: As GB417501; plus the photon-energy-below-kT problem and the absence of any energy measurement

US counterpart of GB383508 and FR732805: filed 8 Mar 1932 (Serial 597,543), German priority 9 Mar 1931, patented 20 Mar 1934, 7 claims, 'assignor to Ternion A.-G., Glarus' (the only Ternion assignment shown on a US patent; filed six weeks before Ternion was constituted on 18 Apr 1932). A hand-held Tesla-discharge applicator with arc-protected spark gaps in a flowable dielectric, capacitively coupled by perforated plates acting as a tuned plate condenser, said to radiate waves 'from 0.5 mm upwards' for medico-therapeutical use; reflector, rare-gas discharge tube, air/oxygen blast, UV-transparent cap. The claims cover only the spark-gap-in-dielectric array with optional plates. No voltage, frequency, power, dose, experiment or result. Unlike GB417564 the plates here only couple the dipoles; no material sits between them.

Key claims

• Spark-gap oscillators in a flowable dielectric, capacitively coupled and driven by a Tesla discharge into a grounded person, radiate ultra-short waves (0.5 mm upward) with an enhanced therapeutic action.

Relevance: One of only three documents tying Kassner's patents to Ternion (assignee on the face). The March 1931 priority makes it the earliest dated Ternion-linked claim, about 21 months before the plate-resonator filings.

Mainstream conflict: Radiation at 0.5 mm from such gaps is unsupported; effects are those of the Tesla discharge [memory, medium]

A popular web explainer on 1982-1990 deaths of British defence-industry scientists and computer experts (Marconi, Plessey, MOD contractors; Stingray torpedo, satellite guidance, SDI): Keith Bowden (1982), Vimal Dajibhai and Arshad Sharif (1986), Richard Pugh, John Brittan, David Skeels, Peter Peapell, David Sands (1987), Alistair Beckham, John Ferry (1988) and others. Sources named: Tony Collins (Computer Weekly, 25 cases, book Open Verdict 1990), Colin Pritchard, Conrad Black, Clive Jenkins. Almost every factual detail is unsourced; no base rate; the 'evidence against' section is cut off. No mention of Bauch, Kassner, Ternion, Paperclip or high-frequency effects on materials; GEC appears once (Bowden 'a contractor for GEC Marconi').

Key claims

• Between 1982 and 1990 about 25 British defence-electronics scientists and engineers died in suspicious circumstances (Collins's count).
• Several deaths showed unusual features (tyre swap, needle puncture, MOD removing files) [unsourced in the article].

Relevance: Peripheral: only a keyword link (GEC/Marconi) to the essay's 'government collaboration' framing; 40+ years after the Ternion era, and nothing about materials, RF effects or Ternion.

Mainstream conflict: The official position was stress, coincidence, no plot; no base-rate analysis exists in the article

Obituary of Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Bauch, died 3 Mar 1996 in Brighton aged 92 (so born about 1903-04). Berlin; physics at the University of Berlin; 'involved in some of the earliest research into cancer, working with Professor Albert Einstein' (unsupported); 1928 steel-tape recorder patents; 1930 joined the new Heinrich Hertz Institute for Oscillation Research (UHF and high-frequency transmission); 1934 recommended by the Hertz Institute for a secondment to the G.E.C. Research Laboratories, UK, where 'he worked on a project for the Swiss Ternion company investigating UHF and decimeter techniques' (the ONLY document in the project linking Bauch to Ternion; one sentence, no dates beyond 1934, no results, no Kassner); sold a patent 'An Improved Method of Radiation Therapy' to Marconi for 80 pounds; met his wife Helen; 1935 Philips Berlin; war work on direction-finding with a high-frequency pulse technique; 1946 RIAS technical director; 1947 UK (ERA); Loewe; Plessey consultant from 1950; the F.W.O. Bauch company (UK agent for Neumann, EMT, Studer); AES honorary member 1986.

Key claims

• In 1934 the Hertz Institute recommended F.W.O. Bauch for a secondment to the GEC Research Laboratories, where he worked on a project for the Swiss Ternion company on UHF and decimeter techniques.
• Bauch sold a patent 'An Improved Method of Radiation Therapy' to the Marconi Company for 80 pounds.

Relevance: The sole documentary link between the Ternion/Kassner work and a named independent scientist; it supports 'a Ternion project existed at GEC in 1934' but not any result or any Kassner involvement.

Mainstream conflict: none

A one-sentence stub: between 1982 and 1990 twenty-five British GEC-Marconi scientists and engineers on the Sting Ray torpedo and US SDI-related projects 'died under mysterious circumstances'. No individual named; the reference titles (Guardian 23 Apr 1987 open verdict; Daily Telegraph 13 Feb 1989 'not a plot'; AP 1987-88; Collins 1990 Open Verdict) hint at open verdicts and an official denial of a plot. No link to Ternion-era GEC research.

Key claims

• Twenty-five GEC-Marconi scientists and engineers died under mysterious circumstances between 1982 and 1990 (a conspiracy theory, not an established finding).

Relevance: Peripheral keyword link only (GEC/Marconi); a lead to the Collins articles and newspaper archives, no evidential value for Ternion.

Mainstream conflict: none (the page itself calls it a conspiracy theory)

History of the British General Electric Company: Binswanger/Hirst origins 1880s, Osram lamps, Wembley research laboratories (not detailed), absorption of Marconi and English Electric (1968), 1998 purchase of the US defence contractor Tracor, December 1999 split: Marconi Electronic Systems merged with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems and the rest became Marconi plc. It does NOT say BAE Systems is owned by American General Electric (the essay in the folder says so; that is wrong).

Key claims

• In December 1999 GEC's defence arm merged with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems; the remainder continued as Marconi plc.

Relevance: Background for the GEC chain in the essay's 'government collaboration' section; the essay's ownership statement is contradicted by this page.

Mainstream conflict: none

Identical copy of the Voss column; see index 1.

Relevance: none beyond the original

Mainstream conflict: none

Generic description of today's Swiss AG: limited liability, minimum capital CHF 100,000 (at least 50,000 paid in), shareholder anonymity, holding-company use. Present-day rules, not the law of 1932.

Key claims

• A Swiss AG needs at least CHF 100,000 capital and can serve as a holding company.

Relevance: Background for why a Swiss AG holding vehicle such as Ternion was cheap to create; modern rules (the 1932 Code of Obligations differed).

Mainstream conflict: none

Granted 4 Jan 1938, filed 8 Jul 1936, German priority 9 Jul 1935, 7 claims; assigned to Universal Inventions Ltd, London (a third Kassner-linked company, not Ternion and not Vibranic, although the file sits in the 'Vibranic' folder). A double-walled glass vessel with a restricted discharge path 0.3-1 mm wide, filled with neon/helium/argon plus mercury and traces of potassium or sodium vapour at 2-10 mm Hg cold. When the gas mean free path is 'of the order of' the gap width, extremely weak ultra-short oscillations (above 1e7 Hz) arise, attributed 'probably' to periodic space-charge variation from irregular wall charges; they are picked up by a concentric-tube resonator, amplified and fed back to superimpose a high-frequency field on the 50 Hz or DC field, claimed to improve efficiency and output considerably. Operating voltage is said to be flat from 50 Hz to 1e7 Hz and to fall above that. No curve, voltage, efficiency, lumen or test data. The deep read's kinetic-theory check (300 K) gives molecular mean free paths of 0.006-0.05 mm at 2-10 mm Hg, 6 to over 100 times smaller than the stated gap, so the rule holds only loosely, for electrons at the low-pressure narrow-gap corner.

Key claims

• A narrow discharge path whose width is of the order of the mean free path (0.3-1 mm gap, 2-10 mm Hg) generates ultra-short oscillations above 1e7 Hz.
• Superimposing these oscillations on the mains discharge via a tuned concentric-tube resonator considerably improves the lamp's efficiency and output.

Relevance: Shows Kassner's later lamp line (1935-36) and its link to a different London company; no efficiency data, so the improvement claim is untested.

Mainstream conflict: Plausible discharge physics (space-charge oscillations in narrow gaps are known) but the efficiency gain is unsupported and the mean-free-path rule is loose [memory, medium]

Filed 19 May 1947, Luxembourg priority 27 Nov 1946, patented 26 Jun 1951, 6 claims. A mains-fed (120 V) lamp: two incandescent helical filaments each around a rod 'discharge electrode' (tungsten/tantalum/molybdenum with sulphide or oxide additions) inside perforated high-melting sleeves (holes 0.1-0.5 mm), in argon + nitrogen at 500 mm Hg, optionally with caesium vapour (resonance radiation 850-900 nm). The rods are said to radiate infra-red 0.8-3 micron while 'ultra-short waves' of 0.3 mm to 50 cm are produced simultaneously (hole positions chosen at 'potential nodes'), 'to correspond' to the absorption bands of many organo-chemical substances. Efficiency is the stated aim but no number, test or comparison lamp is given; the claims cover only the filament-rod-sleeve hardware, not the caesium, the ultra-short band or any application. The text never mentions Ternion. Cited art is five US patents (Spaeth 1937 to Smith 1943).

Key claims

• A filament-and-rod lamp with a perforated insulating sleeve radiates infra-red (0.8-3 micron) and, simultaneously, ultra-short waves (0.3 mm - 50 cm) matched to absorption bands of organo-chemical substances, with improved efficiency within those bands.

Relevance: Shows Kassner active in 1947 in Switzerland with a Glarus company (Vibranic Ltd) and reusing the Ternion idea of matching radiation to absorption bands of organic matter; no evidence of the claimed microwave output.

Mainstream conflict: A mains-fed filament lamp radiates a thermal spectrum; microwave emission is asserted without mechanism or detection [memory, high]

Trade magazine; pp.3-5 are a promotional company history of F.W.O. Bauch Ltd (UK agent for Studer). Bauch facts: 1928 patented 'talking shop window' steel-tape multitrack recorder with a closed-core air-gap head; high-frequency research at the new Heinrich Hertz Institute, Berlin; 'a first visit to England in 1934'; founding director of Philips-Electrospecial in Berlin; 1946 technical director of RIAS; 1947 returned to Britain at the request of DSIR; 1950 two rebuilt Magnetophons for Universal Programmes Corporation; 1952 Neumann and 1953 EMT agency; 1960 first Studer contact; Feb 1963 first C37 to ATV and BBC (BBC bought 78); 1970 Borehamwood; about 65 staff in 1983. It does not mention GEC, Ternion, Kassner or UHF.

Key claims

• Bauch made a first visit to England in 1934 after research on high-frequency techniques at the Heinrich Hertz Institute.
• Bauch was founding director of Philips-Electrospecial in Berlin before 1946.

Relevance: Company-authorised skeleton of Bauch's pre-1946 career for testing the memoriam's 1934 GEC secondment; it neither confirms nor contradicts the Ternion project.

Mainstream conflict: none

Max Stoffel, born in Arbon 1911, studied law in Zurich, Munich, Berlin and Paris, doctorate 1937, court secretary until 1955, later Bundesrichter (elected 10 Jun 1970). Same name and town as Ternion's founder (a merchant/'industrialist of Arbon, resident in St. Gallen'); at 20 in April 1932 he would have been a law student, so identity is unresolved and must not be assumed.

Key claims

• A Max Stoffel of Arbon (1911-2002) became a Swiss federal judge.

Relevance: Possible but unproven identity or family link with Ternion's founder and liquidator Max Stoffel.

Mainstream conflict: none

Max Stoffel, born 28 Aug 1911 in Arbon, died 22 Feb 2002 in Morges, Swiss judge, Catholic, citizen of Arbon; cites an NZZ article of 19 Jun 1981.

Key claims

• Max Stoffel the judge was born 28 Aug 1911 in Arbon and died 22 Feb 2002.

Relevance: As index 27.

Mainstream conflict: none

Catalogue entry: interview recorded 18 Jan 1990 by Conrad Wood with Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Bauch, 'German civilian in Berlin, 1933-1945', 4 reels, 120 minutes. Reel 1: Berlin 1903-1933, Einstein, Kristallnacht, no need to join the Nazi party; reel 2: wartime jokes, a 'Nazi watchdog' in his company, bombing, 'comparison of quality of British and German radar'; reel 3: Russian occupation and the food-store fire; reel 4: British troops. No mention of Ternion, Kassner, GEC, magnetrons or any company.

Key claims

• The IWM interview is a general civilian oral history of Berlin 1933-45, not a technical interview.

Relevance: Explains why Ternion and Kassner do not occur in the interview.

Mainstream conflict: none

Machine transcript (names and dates unreliable). Bauch: born Berlin about 1903, father a hand-weaving firm owner, Siemens year then electrical engineering; at the 'Heineherst' (Heinrich Hertz) Institute from 1930, a junior scientist; 'in 1934 I was sent to England by the director of our institute to take up a certain post-[?] in an electric company'; 'one and a half years ... a demonstration program at the Central [General] Electric Company in the North Wembley Laboratories', back at end of 1935, then Philips; worked about two and a half years with Einstein (he is unsure of dates; Einstein left Germany in 1932-33, so his dating is wrong or refers to something else); never joined the Nazi party, 'that time in England saved me'. No mention of Switzerland, Kassner, Ternion, UHF or decimetre work (case-insensitive search).

Key claims

• Bauch was sent to England in 1934 and worked about 1.5 years (until the end of 1935) at the GEC North Wembley laboratories on a 'demonstration program', then joined Philips.

Relevance: Corroborates the GEC secondment of 1934-35 independently of the memoriam, but is silent on Ternion.

Mainstream conflict: none

Wartime Berlin: Philips Germany (Count von Westarp), a company Nazi observer, Goethe remark on the invasion of Poland, a private laboratory near his home, Eindhoven trips, bombing from autumn 1943. On radar: German radar similar to British but less powerful; 'one of these split magnetrons I brought home in 1935, where Dr. Mago [probably Eric Megaw] of the GEC presented me with one as a souvenir ... the same thing as we had ourselves, so it didn't give me anything secret'; hearsay about the 1940 cavity magnetron shipments (unreliable). No numbers; no Ternion, Kassner or UHF-for-materials work.

Key claims

• In 1935 a GEC scientist ('Dr. Mago') gave Bauch a split-anode magnetron as a souvenir, which he took to Germany; he says it was no secret because German tubes were equivalent.

Relevance: A second, independent link between Bauch and GEC in 1935 (identification of Mago as Megaw is [memory] medium).

Mainstream conflict: none

Berlin, April-June 1945: Russian advance, shelter, the family (English wife; son Michael born 3 Feb 1945), his requisition as night watchman at a Russian food store in a brewery, the fire (a colleague's candle ignited curtains), interrogation by a Russian major, to whom he gave 'self-ignition of a flour heap' as the cause (an offhand claim, no data), a colleague taken to the GPU. No mention of employer, colleagues, radar, UHF, patents, GEC, Marconi, Kassner, Ternion or Switzerland; he calls himself a physicist.

Key claims

• Bauch was a physicist living in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1945 with an English wife and young sons.

Relevance: Background only; supports nothing on Ternion.

Mainstream conflict: none

A very short excerpt of the 120-minute recording: the British found a house for his wife, he collected his laboratory; wife repatriated 10 Apr 1946; an American colonel asked Siemens, Telefunken and a third firm for someone able to build a broadcasting station and all three named Bauch, so he became technical director of the American broadcast (RIAS) until he 'went to England myself'. Nothing on Ternion, Kassner or GEC; most of reel 4 is not in the transcript, so silence is weak evidence for the full audio.

Key claims

• In 1945-46 Siemens, Telefunken and a third firm each named Bauch as the person able to build a broadcast station.

Relevance: Confirms Bauch's standing as a radio engineer and gives a lead for the date he went to England (re-transcribe reel 4).

Mainstream conflict: none

Catalogue entry for the recording of Helen Irene Alexandra Bauch, a British civilian married to a German physicist, Berlin 1937-45, 3 reels (meeting her husband in 1935, Berlin impressions, war, British troops in May 1945, Russian arrests, Kristallnacht, attitudes to Nazi leaders).

Key claims

• Helen Bauch's IWM interview covers life in Berlin 1937-45 as the wife of a German physicist.

Relevance: Context for the Bauch family; no Ternion content.

Mainstream conflict: none

She met her husband in 1935 at the Wembley ice rink (she was 18); courtship two and a half years; 'My husband at the time was with the General Electric Company in the research laboratories and went back after a year, I believe ... came back frequently to visit'; married in Berlin 7 Aug 1937. Born in London, youngest of five; lived about five years in Cologne. After the war the family villa was requisitioned and they were given the villa of a Telefunken director ('he knew of him because of his association with Telefunken'). No lab location, dates or Ternion mention.

Key claims

• Bauch worked at the General Electric Company research laboratories in England in 1935-36 and returned to Germany after about a year.

Relevance: Third independent confirmation of the GEC stay (with the memoriam and Bauch's own interview); gives the marriage date 7 Aug 1937.

Mainstream conflict: none

Berlin May 1945 to 1946: billeting of the villa (Colonel Spencer; a Henkel director's villa), her baby Michael's dysentery, British and Russian soldiers, bombing and civilian attitudes, Kristallnacht (misdated), her return to Britain in 1946. She says the Russians were 'taking any eminent person out, any scientist' before the British occupied the area (about a neighbour, not Bauch). No mention of Bauch's work, GEC, Switzerland, Ternion or Kassner.

Key claims

• In 1945 the Russians removed eminent scientists from the Berlin district before British occupation (hearsay about a neighbour).

Relevance: Context for post-war scientist removals; not about Bauch.

Mainstream conflict: none

Opening of reel 3 only: how Berliners regarded Goebbels and other Nazi leaders, jokes, the Hess flight. Nothing on later career, family or Ternion. The mp3 may be longer than what was transcribed; re-transcribe before concluding anything.

Key claims

• Berliners did not respect Goebbels but acknowledged his propaganda power (Helen Bauch's opinion).

Relevance: None for the project beyond completeness.

Mainstream conflict: none

Self-published booklet claiming that Putney's 2014/2018 'Geyser Reactor' (temperature and pressure cycling with digital frequency control to keep phonon resonance of silver with gold) converts silver into gold at rates above 70 percent per two-week cycle, plus gold-to-platinum, silver-to-palladium and zinc-to-palladium/copper conversions, via 'nuclear recombination' of trapped gas atoms; framed in Vedic and Paleo-Sanskrit language; geological gold deposits said to arise from geyser transmutation. No measurements, assays or independent test in the digest.

Key claims

• Silver can be converted into gold at above 70 percent per two-week cycle in a resonance-controlled geyser reactor.
• Natural geysers transmute elements by resonant nuclear recombination.

Relevance: Part of the folder's wider 'resonance and transmutation' reading (the early drafts cite Mizuno and low-energy transmutation); unrelated to the Ternion patents themselves.

Mainstream conflict: Strongly conflicts with nuclear physics: chemical-scale energies cannot transmute elements at that rate [memory, high]

Obituary of Heinz K. Thiele (1917-2002), audio historian and AES fellow who recorded interviews with notable figures (PAL inventor Walter Bruch, Manfred von Ardenne). It is NOT the 1996 Bauch memoriam (vol. 44 no. 6) that the essay in the folder cites; it appears to be a different item filed in the folder in its place.

Key claims

• Thiele was an AES historian who interviewed audio and video pioneers.

Relevance: Mis-filed; no Ternion content (a lead only in the sense that Thiele interviewed German audio pioneers).

Mainstream conflict: none

A once-confidential list of invention categories that the Patent Office should refer to military agencies for possible secrecy orders under 35 USC 181. Item IV-4 covers 'directed energy ... in which electrical particles, wave radiations, or laser beams are claimed to cause deleterious effects on human beings or machines' (AMC, Navy, AF); microwave and mm-wave emitters, high-power lasers, protection against microwave radiation and two catch-alls (XXI-1, XX-1) are also listed. Resonance and RF dielectric heating of materials are not listed. It is a routing list, not a record of secrecy orders; it postdates the Ternion patents by decades and names no applicant.

Key claims

• By 1971 US military review explicitly covered directed-energy devices claimed to harm people or machines and microwave emitters.
• The list does not name resonance or RF heating of materials.

Relevance: Context for the essay's suppression/'black science' theme: shows the screening categories existed, not that anything of Ternion's was ever classified.

Mainstream conflict: none

Three items: Del Rio News-Herald 24 Jan 1945 (AP, Akron, Jan 23): B. F. Goodrich and Firestone 'today announced purchase of basic patents covering electronic vulcanization of rubber and other materials ... originally granted on discoveries made by R. P. A. Dufour and H. A. Le Duc of France and by E. E. W. Kassner of Switzerland'; The Record (14 May 1945 per filename): electronic vulcanization may become common, patents to be licensed 'on a reasonable basis'; Valley Evening Monitor (21 May 1945 per filename): sponge-rubber mattresses and pads cured in about one-eighth the conventional time ('company engineers'), also best for moulding thick plastics. 'High-frequency oscillations shake the molecules of rubber and sulfur millions of times a second.' No frequency, power, patent numbers, price, seller or mention of Ternion. Name spellings vary but 'Kassner' is consistent.

Key claims

• In January 1945 Goodrich and Firestone bought basic patents on electronic (RF) vulcanization derived in part from E. E. W. Kassner of Switzerland.
• Electronic heating cured sponge-rubber items in about one-eighth the conventional time (company engineers, no conditions).

Relevance: The only independent third-party record of commercial interest in Kassner's work; shows RF vulcanization was a real industrial process, but gives no support to the resonance mechanism and does not say which patents or who sold them.

Mainstream conflict: none (dielectric heating of rubber is conventional)

Transcript of the Goodrich/Firestone item: purchase of basic patents on electronic vulcanization from discoveries by R. P. A. Dufour, H. A. Le Due [Le Duc] of France and E. E. W. Kassner of Switzerland.

Key claims

• Goodrich and Firestone announced the purchase of basic electronic-vulcanization patents (discoveries of Dufour, Le Duc and Kassner).

Relevance: See index 43.

Mainstream conflict: none

Popular history of the JIOA programme that brought over 1,600 German scientists to the US from 1945: profiles of 21 scientists (Alsos mission, Haagen, Nuremberg trials, Hitler's and Himmler's circles). Searching the digests and then the full extracted text finds no mention of Kassner, Ternion, Bauch, Dufour, Le Duc or high-frequency effects on materials. Included in the folder as context for the essay's black-science/Paperclip theme.

Key claims

• About 1,600 German scientists were recruited to the US under the JIOA's Operation Paperclip.
• Many recruited scientists had Nazi ties and some were implicated in atrocities.

Relevance: Context only; nothing in the digests connects Paperclip to Ternion, Kassner or Bauch (checked by digest search and a QE full-text search of the extracted text, not by reading every page).

Mainstream conflict: none (a mainstream popular history)

A 1947 list of names, addresses and fields of German and Austrian scientists the US wanted to interview or hire (many at Wright Field, Ohio or Fort Bliss, Texas). The deep-read search found NO Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner, Bauch, Hans Hoffmann or other Ternion associate; only 'Rudolf Kassner, Jet Engines, Wright Field, Ohio' and unrelated Hoffmanns.

Key claims

• Neither E. E. W. Kassner nor F. W. O. Bauch appears in the 1947 JIOA objective list.

Relevance: Negative search result bearing on the essay's Paperclip theme; weak evidence (Kassner lived in Switzerland and would not be expected on it).

Mainstream conflict: none

Alphabetical name-to-box index only (last name, first name, box number). No Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner, no Bauch, no Hans Hoffmann, no Stoffel, Trumpy, Ruckstuhl, Oertli, Lanter, Le Duc, Wyslouzil, Oda; Geoffrey Voss absent. Only 'KASSNER RUDOLF, box 083' (almost certainly the Rudolf Kassner listed as a jet-engine specialist at Wright Field in the JIOA list); nothing shows he is related to Ernst E. W. Kassner (different first names; jet engines vs ultra-short waves). Box 083 would have to be requested from NARA Record Group 330 for content.

Key claims

• No case file for Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner, Bauch or any Ternion associate is in the NARA foreign-scientist index.

Relevance: Negative search for the Paperclip theme; the Rudolf Kassner entry is a lead only.

Mainstream conflict: none

A finding aid to 83 rolls of microfilmed Nazi-era records (propaganda, Party, press and administrative files, Reichspropagandaamt directives, Fernseh-GmbH press circulars and similar). The digests contain nothing on Kassner, Ternion, Bauch or high-frequency research.

Key claims

• The T-84 microfilm collection holds mainly propaganda, Party and administrative records.

Relevance: Possible archive for war-record searches, but no hit in the digests; the essay's 'no references in war records' is not tested by it.

Mainstream conflict: none

Explainer on the 2017 Havana 'sonic attack' (at least 16 US embassy staff, symptoms from autumn 2016 to April 2017). Experts Robin Cleveland (Oxford) and Tim Leighton (Southampton) say an out-of-hearing-range weapon would most likely be ultrasonic (>20 kHz), not infrasound; a matchbox-sized emitter could cause close-range anxiety, hearing loss at 50 m would need a car-sized device, and ultrasound barely passes walls or skin. Brain injury by ultrasound is doubted; drugs or poison should be ruled out first. Mentions the WWII German infrasound 'Whirlwind Cannon'. No device or perpetrator found; no measurements or controls.

Key claims

• Ultrasound above 20 kHz is the likeliest out-of-hearing-range acoustic weapon for the Havana symptoms (expert opinion, Cleveland/Leighton).
• Causing hearing loss at 50 m would need a car-sized ultrasound device (Leighton).
• Ultrasound is unlikely to cause permanent brain injury because air gaps block transmission into tissue (Cleveland).

Relevance: Related-news filing in the folder on directed energy and sound bioeffects; mainstream acoustics, no mention of Ternion, Kassner or RF/microwaves. Background only.

Mainstream conflict: none (mainstream expert commentary)

Filed 5 Aug 1974. Transmits electromagnetic signals of different frequencies simultaneously at the brain; interference gives a waveform modulated by brain activity that is re-transmitted to produce compensating signals for remote sensing and alteration of brain waves. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Brain waves can be sensed remotely and altered with transmitted electromagnetic signals.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 15 May 1987. Converts EEG to music in a feedback loop to induce relaxation or other states; figures show anxiety scores and alpha-wave power results. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• EEG-driven music feedback induces and controls psychological states.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 22 Mar 1990. Cites Monroe and Oster; uses binaural beats and flicker to entrain EEG frequencies. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Binaural beats and visual stimulation change brain wave frequency.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Produces two audio signals, one per ear, varied continuously over 0-60 Hz so the brain generates beat frequencies that change brain state. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Binaural beats vary brain state without drugs or electrodes.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Issued 29 Sep 1992. A sound generator and synthetic speech system superimposed through headphones to induce deepened relaxation or hypnotic-type states. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Electroacoustic stimulation can induce a deepened state of consciousness.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 28 Dec 1989. Amplitude- or frequency-modulated non-aural carriers (very low, very high or ultrasonic frequencies) propagated acoustically or vibrationally, claimed to be received subliminally by the brain. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Modulated ultrasonic or infrasonic carriers can convey intelligence to the brain below conscious hearing.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Subliminal ultrasonic information transfer is unsupported by controlled evidence [memory, medium]

Issued 25 May 1993, 6 claims. Stereo audio and binaural beats to entrain EEG; cites Dove 1839; figures of EEG topographic maps. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Binaural beats entrain brain waves into desired consciousness states.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Issued 18 Oct 1994. Frequency-following-response technique using EEG waveforms characteristic of target states, with stimulus frequencies 1.5-21 Hz. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Frequency-following-response stimuli can induce target states of consciousness.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 5 Apr 1994, issued 16 Apr 1996. Transmits predetermined waveform energy at a subject, analyses reflected energy to infer blood pressure, pulse, pupil size, respiration and perspiration and hence emotional state. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Reflected electromagnetic or ultrasonic energy can reveal a person's emotional state remotely.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Remote emotional-state inference from reflected energy is unvalidated in the digest [memory, medium]

Filed 7 Dec 1998, issued 4 Jan 2000. Detects brain activity by sensors, transmits it (e.g. by satellite) and compares it with normalised curves to identify words or thoughts the person attempts to communicate. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Brain activity curves can be matched to attempted words for remote communication.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Decoding words from remote EEG is unvalidated [memory, medium]

Filed 17 Jul 1998. Weak fluctuating electric fields tuned to excite neural resonances, producing relaxation, sleepiness, sexual excitement or slowed cortical processes depending on frequency; cites Wiener 1958 and Brennan. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Weak external electric fields at about 0.5 Hz or 2.4 Hz excite sensory resonances and manipulate the nervous system.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 31 Aug 1998 (CIP of US 5,800,481). Subliminal cooling pulses to the skin at about 1/2 Hz and 2.4 Hz excite sensory resonances (relaxation, sleepiness, ptosis, sexual excitement; slowed cortical activity). Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Skin cooling pulses at 1/2 Hz and 2.4 Hz produce relaxation or slowed cortical processing.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 13 Oct 2000. Magnets produce magnetic fields that alter brain state in a closed loop with EEG monitoring. Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Closed-loop magnetic stimulation guided by EEG can produce a desired brain state.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Issued 14 Jan 2003. Weak EM fields pulsed at 1/2 Hz or 2.4 Hz excite sensory resonances; computer monitors and TV tubes can emit such pulsed fields strongly enough to manipulate people nearby (measured 15-inch monitor 266 V and 30-inch tube 310 V field data). Read at digest level only (the deep read would be needed for any claim that depends on it).

Key claims

• Pulsed fields from monitors at 0.5 or 2.4 Hz can manipulate the nervous system of nearby people.

Relevance: Filed in the folder as 'related patents' on RF/EM and nervous-system effects; none involves Kassner or Ternion, and none cites Ternion-era art (from the digest).

Mainstream conflict: Brain-wave entrainment and field effects on the nervous system are contested; no replication evidence in the folder [memory, medium]

Filed 24 Apr 2002, issued 1 Jul 2003 (division of US 6,470,214), 11 device claims. A suppressed-carrier modulation scheme with bias and square-root preprocessing so that RF energy absorbed in the head is demodulated by the thermal-to-acoustic (thermoelastic) mechanism into intelligible speech. Background: the RF hearing effect was 'first noticed during World War II' as a click from pulsed radar above a threshold. Head modelled as a 7 cm-radius water sphere, cutoff about 3,547 Hz (speech band 300-3000 Hz below it). No carrier frequency, power, SAR value, subject or measurement is given; the only empirical statement is an unreferenced 'confirmed experimentally' about pulsed-carrier distortion.

Key claims

• Pulsed RF above a threshold is heard by humans as clicks, explained by thermoelastic expansion in the head (patent background).
• Suppressed-carrier modulation with square-root preprocessing allows intelligible speech via the RF hearing effect (a design claim with no test data).

Relevance: Supports only the narrow, mainstream fact that RF can produce an auditory sensation via a thermal mechanism; says nothing on non-thermal, resonant or Ternion-frequency effects.

Mainstream conflict: none (thermoelastic explanation is the mainstream account) [memory, high]

Filed 15 Dec 2005, issued 8 Dec 2009, 22 claims. A high-power RF/microwave/mm-wave 'directed energy' weapon in which the transmitter doubles as the radar transmitter and antenna, removing a separate radar and its alignment; embodiments with shared antenna, circulator, dual-polarised antenna, AESA array, aircraft pod, wheeled vehicle and reflector. Only generic bands are named (no frequency or power number); targets listed in one parenthesis are 'electronics, biological, ordinance, structures'; no mechanism or experiment on biological or material effects; no early dielectric-heating or Kassner/Ternion prior art is cited (references 1955-2007 radar and ordnance patents). The file does not contain US 8,049,173 although the folder title mentions it.

Key claims

• A shared radar/RF-weapon transmitter and antenna can aim a high-power RF beam at a target to burn out or overwhelm it, including (in one phrase) biological targets.

Relevance: Evidence that RF directed-energy weapons are a real patent class, for the essay's weaponisation theme; no bearing on Ternion resonance claims.

Mainstream conflict: none (conventional engineering; no effect mechanism claimed)

Filed 17 May 2007, issued 1 Nov 2011. An RF generator, beam director and an imager sharing the same aperture; W-band (75-110 GHz) millimetre-wave source or other EM energy; hand-held and vehicle-mounted configurations. Digest level only.

Key claims

• One aperture can carry both an RF directed-energy beam and an imager for the target.

Relevance: As index 81 (the essay's directed-energy context); unrelated to Ternion.

Mainstream conflict: none

OCR (Word) of Ternion AG 1.pdf. Glarus commercial-register file of 1932: letter of 18 Apr 1932 announcing 'Ternion' A.G. (seat Glarus, indefinite duration), and the notarial minutes of the constituent general meeting, Monday 18 Apr 1932, 11:00, town hall, Glarus, before council clerk Dr. H. Trumpy. Purpose (statutes section 2): 'participation in electro-PHYSICAL enterprises and laboratories' and related business (a holding vehicle; the machine translation wrongly says 'electro-chemical'). Capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000, fully paid by two cheques on the Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, St. Gallen: Max Stoffel (merchant, citizen of Arbon, St. Gallen) 60 shares / CHF 60,000 and Dr. Hans Hoffmann (St. Gallen) 40 shares / CHF 40,000 (the 60/40 split is in the subscription forms). Votes capped at one fifth, so 40 votes and a majority of 21. Board: one member, Stoffel, individual signature, to the 1935 meeting; auditors Oberst Hans Ruckstuhl (Herisau) and Ernst Taschler (St. Gallen), substitute Friedrich Eitel (Herisau) to the 1933 meeting; domicile c/o Balthasar Oertli-Heer, Glarus; a proxy appointment for Anton Lanter (Steinach) is struck through ('Abgeandert'). Kassner, scientists, patents and technology are not mentioned anywhere.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

OCR (Word) of the 11-page certified copy (the same text as 'Ternion AG.pdf'): pp.1-3 share subscription forms and attendance list of 18 Apr 1932 (Stoffel 60, Hoffmann 40 shares); pp.4-11 the 1937 liquidation. Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

OCR (Word) of Ternion AG 3.pdf. Deletion papers of Aug 1952: 12 Aug 1952 extraordinary general meeting (notary's office, Talstrasse 25, Zurich; whole capital CHF 100,000 represented; Stoffel chair, lawyer Dr. W. Keller-Staub vote counter) finding the liquidation complete with 'no assets and no liabilities' at 31 May 1952, discharging the liquidator and ordering deletion; books and vouchers to be kept 10 years in the liquidator's (Stoffel, St. Gallen) archive (to about 1962); letter of 12 Aug 1952 from Dr. Keller-Staub; register notice to the Federal Tax Administration of 14 Aug 1952 (the OCR's '1958' is wrong); federal consent 19 Aug 1952 and withdrawal of an objection by the cantonal defence-tax office 22 Aug 1952 (reason not stated). No patent, technology, asset sale, buyer, distribution or the 1937 start of the liquidation is mentioned, so no one can cite these pages for a patent disposal; the zero balance is compatible with earlier sale, write-off or lapse.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

OCR (Word) of the statutes. Statutes of Ternion A.-G., adopted unanimously 18 Apr 1932: seat and jurisdiction Glarus, indefinite duration; purpose 'participation in electro-physical enterprises and laboratories'; capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000 fully paid; share transfers need unanimous board consent; vote cap one fifth; dissolution needs a three-quarters majority; board 1-7 members, three-year terms, five-share deposit; 1-2 auditors plus substitute; profit use 5/10/5/20 percent; liquidation by the board under the Code of Obligations; publication in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce. No patents, licences, inventors, research programme or Kassner are mentioned; the translation's 'electro-chemical' is an error.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

OCR (Word) of the 11-page certified copy 'Ternion AG.pdf' (identical text to 'Ternion AG 2'). Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Glarus commercial-register file of 1932: letter of 18 Apr 1932 announcing 'Ternion' A.G. (seat Glarus, indefinite duration), and the notarial minutes of the constituent general meeting, Monday 18 Apr 1932, 11:00, town hall, Glarus, before council clerk Dr. H. Trumpy. Purpose (statutes section 2): 'participation in electro-PHYSICAL enterprises and laboratories' and related business (a holding vehicle; the machine translation wrongly says 'electro-chemical'). Capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000, fully paid by two cheques on the Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, St. Gallen: Max Stoffel (merchant, citizen of Arbon, St. Gallen) 60 shares / CHF 60,000 and Dr. Hans Hoffmann (St. Gallen) 40 shares / CHF 40,000 (the 60/40 split is in the subscription forms). Votes capped at one fifth, so 40 votes and a majority of 21. Board: one member, Stoffel, individual signature, to the 1935 meeting; auditors Oberst Hans Ruckstuhl (Herisau) and Ernst Taschler (St. Gallen), substitute Friedrich Eitel (Herisau) to the 1933 meeting; domicile c/o Balthasar Oertli-Heer, Glarus; a proxy appointment for Anton Lanter (Steinach) is struck through ('Abgeandert'). Kassner, scientists, patents and technology are not mentioned anywhere.

Key claims

• Founding file: 18 Apr 1932, Stoffel 60 / Hoffmann 40 shares.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Typed German original, certified 30 Jan 2017. pp.1-3 subscription forms and attendance list (18 Apr 1932); pp.4-11 the liquidation. Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation. Ownership re-check: the attendance list (p.11) confirms 48 + 6 = 54 shares and 10 + 6 = 16 votes; votes are capped by a 'statutory reduction' (rule not quoted); the heading 'present and represented' allows proxies but none is named. At founding (p.3, 18 Apr 1932) Stoffel held 60 shares and Hoffmann 40 (100 shares x CHF 1,000), so by 1937 the split had changed and 46 shares were unrepresented and their holders are not named; the minutes are signed by Stoffel as sole board member, chairman and (from 1937) liquidator. p.7 refers twice to a single protocol of the 'general meetings 1-4 of 17 July 1936', which explains the research-account valuation 'in detail'; those minutes are not in the folder. The meeting was held in Zurich; auditor Oberst Hans Ruckstuhl, notary Dr. Hans Trumpy (Glarus).

Key claims

• On 20 Dec 1937 the shareholders unanimously voted to liquidate Ternion AG for lack of funds, with part of the patents already lapsed for unpaid fees.
• At 31 Dec 1936 the research account stood at CHF 1,120,380.15 against share capital of CHF 100,000, financed by loans of about CHF 1.1 million.
• Between 1932 and 1937 the 60/40 split of the 100 shares changed: in Dec 1937 Stoffel (48) and Hoffmann (6) represented 54 shares and 46 shares were unrepresented and unnamed.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Deletion papers of Aug 1952: 12 Aug 1952 extraordinary general meeting (notary's office, Talstrasse 25, Zurich; whole capital CHF 100,000 represented; Stoffel chair, lawyer Dr. W. Keller-Staub vote counter) finding the liquidation complete with 'no assets and no liabilities' at 31 May 1952, discharging the liquidator and ordering deletion; books and vouchers to be kept 10 years in the liquidator's (Stoffel, St. Gallen) archive (to about 1962); letter of 12 Aug 1952 from Dr. Keller-Staub; register notice to the Federal Tax Administration of 14 Aug 1952 (the OCR's '1958' is wrong); federal consent 19 Aug 1952 and withdrawal of an objection by the cantonal defence-tax office 22 Aug 1952 (reason not stated). No patent, technology, asset sale, buyer, distribution or the 1937 start of the liquidation is mentioned, so no one can cite these pages for a patent disposal; the zero balance is compatible with earlier sale, write-off or lapse. Ownership re-check (pp.6, 8, 9): the 1952 minutes assert that all CHF 100,000 of capital was represented but name only Stoffel (chair) and his lawyer Dr. W. Keller-Staub (vote counter); no attendance list, share counts or proxies; no Kassner or patent is named; how the CHF 1.1 million of loans was settled is not recorded.

Key claims

• The liquidation of Ternion AG was formally closed on 12 Aug 1952 with no assets and no liabilities and the company was deleted from the Glarus register in August 1952.
• The liquidator, Max Stoffel, was to keep the books and vouchers in his archive for ten years.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Statutes of Ternion A.-G., adopted unanimously 18 Apr 1932: seat and jurisdiction Glarus, indefinite duration; purpose 'participation in electro-physical enterprises and laboratories'; capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000 fully paid; share transfers need unanimous board consent; vote cap one fifth; dissolution needs a three-quarters majority; board 1-7 members, three-year terms, five-share deposit; 1-2 auditors plus substitute; profit use 5/10/5/20 percent; liquidation by the board under the Code of Obligations; publication in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce. No patents, licences, inventors, research programme or Kassner are mentioned; the translation's 'electro-chemical' is an error.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Same 11-page certified copy as 'Ternion AG 2.pdf' (identical extracted text, different file). Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation.

Relevance: Primary corporate evidence (the only primary Ternion corporate record in the project); it shows Ternion as a thinly capitalised holding company that failed for lack of funds, and never names Kassner.

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Glarus commercial-register file of 1932: letter of 18 Apr 1932 announcing 'Ternion' A.G. (seat Glarus, indefinite duration), and the notarial minutes of the constituent general meeting, Monday 18 Apr 1932, 11:00, town hall, Glarus, before council clerk Dr. H. Trumpy. Purpose (statutes section 2): 'participation in electro-PHYSICAL enterprises and laboratories' and related business (a holding vehicle; the machine translation wrongly says 'electro-chemical'). Capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000, fully paid by two cheques on the Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, St. Gallen: Max Stoffel (merchant, citizen of Arbon, St. Gallen) 60 shares / CHF 60,000 and Dr. Hans Hoffmann (St. Gallen) 40 shares / CHF 40,000 (the 60/40 split is in the subscription forms). Votes capped at one fifth, so 40 votes and a majority of 21. Board: one member, Stoffel, individual signature, to the 1935 meeting; auditors Oberst Hans Ruckstuhl (Herisau) and Ernst Taschler (St. Gallen), substitute Friedrich Eitel (Herisau) to the 1933 meeting; domicile c/o Balthasar Oertli-Heer, Glarus; a proxy appointment for Anton Lanter (Steinach) is struck through ('Abgeandert'). Kassner, scientists, patents and technology are not mentioned anywhere. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: 'electro-chemical' for elektro-physikalisch; dates garbled (1953, 1,933th); proxy appointment of Lanter shown as live although struck through; the handwritten domicile correction omitted.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Glarus commercial-register file of 1932: letter of 18 Apr 1932 announcing 'Ternion' A.G. (seat Glarus, indefinite duration), and the notarial minutes of the constituent general meeting, Monday 18 Apr 1932, 11:00, town hall, Glarus, before council clerk Dr. H. Trumpy. Purpose (statutes section 2): 'participation in electro-PHYSICAL enterprises and laboratories' and related business (a holding vehicle; the machine translation wrongly says 'electro-chemical'). Capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000, fully paid by two cheques on the Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, St. Gallen: Max Stoffel (merchant, citizen of Arbon, St. Gallen) 60 shares / CHF 60,000 and Dr. Hans Hoffmann (St. Gallen) 40 shares / CHF 40,000 (the 60/40 split is in the subscription forms). Votes capped at one fifth, so 40 votes and a majority of 21. Board: one member, Stoffel, individual signature, to the 1935 meeting; auditors Oberst Hans Ruckstuhl (Herisau) and Ernst Taschler (St. Gallen), substitute Friedrich Eitel (Herisau) to the 1933 meeting; domicile c/o Balthasar Oertli-Heer, Glarus; a proxy appointment for Anton Lanter (Steinach) is struck through ('Abgeandert'). Kassner, scientists, patents and technology are not mentioned anywhere. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: 'electro-chemical' for elektro-physikalisch; 'Monday, April 18, 1953' and '1,933th' for 1932; 'Mr Balthasar Oertli Army' for Oertli-Heer; vote numbers swapped (21 and 40); 'Notary Public' for Urkundsperson.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: see the PDF twin (index 96).

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: a scanner streak removed two sentences on p.7; 'Stoffel includes voting' for abstained; 'Auditor General' for Rechnungsrevisor; balance-sheet lines merged (securities folded into the Dipol loan); 'preferential shares' for voting shares.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Deletion papers of Aug 1952: 12 Aug 1952 extraordinary general meeting (notary's office, Talstrasse 25, Zurich; whole capital CHF 100,000 represented; Stoffel chair, lawyer Dr. W. Keller-Staub vote counter) finding the liquidation complete with 'no assets and no liabilities' at 31 May 1952, discharging the liquidator and ordering deletion; books and vouchers to be kept 10 years in the liquidator's (Stoffel, St. Gallen) archive (to about 1962); letter of 12 Aug 1952 from Dr. Keller-Staub; register notice to the Federal Tax Administration of 14 Aug 1952 (the OCR's '1958' is wrong); federal consent 19 Aug 1952 and withdrawal of an objection by the cantonal defence-tax office 22 Aug 1952 (reason not stated). No patent, technology, asset sale, buyer, distribution or the 1937 start of the liquidation is mentioned, so no one can cite these pages for a patent disposal; the zero balance is compatible with earlier sale, write-off or lapse. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: see the PDF twin (index 98).

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Deletion papers of Aug 1952: 12 Aug 1952 extraordinary general meeting (notary's office, Talstrasse 25, Zurich; whole capital CHF 100,000 represented; Stoffel chair, lawyer Dr. W. Keller-Staub vote counter) finding the liquidation complete with 'no assets and no liabilities' at 31 May 1952, discharging the liquidator and ordering deletion; books and vouchers to be kept 10 years in the liquidator's (Stoffel, St. Gallen) archive (to about 1962); letter of 12 Aug 1952 from Dr. Keller-Staub; register notice to the Federal Tax Administration of 14 Aug 1952 (the OCR's '1958' is wrong); federal consent 19 Aug 1952 and withdrawal of an objection by the cantonal defence-tax office 22 Aug 1952 (reason not stated). No patent, technology, asset sale, buyer, distribution or the 1937 start of the liquidation is mentioned, so no one can cite these pages for a patent disposal; the zero balance is compatible with earlier sale, write-off or lapse. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: the OCR 'Terlon' for Ternion; the '1958' letter date is 14 Aug 1952; verified findings otherwise agree with the original.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Statutes of Ternion A.-G., adopted unanimously 18 Apr 1932: seat and jurisdiction Glarus, indefinite duration; purpose 'participation in electro-physical enterprises and laboratories'; capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000 fully paid; share transfers need unanimous board consent; vote cap one fifth; dissolution needs a three-quarters majority; board 1-7 members, three-year terms, five-share deposit; 1-2 auditors plus substitute; profit use 5/10/5/20 percent; liquidation by the board under the Code of Obligations; publication in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce. No patents, licences, inventors, research programme or Kassner are mentioned; the translation's 'electro-chemical' is an error. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: 'electro-chemical' for the purpose clause; see the PDF twin (index 100).

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Statutes of Ternion A.-G., adopted unanimously 18 Apr 1932: seat and jurisdiction Glarus, indefinite duration; purpose 'participation in electro-physical enterprises and laboratories'; capital CHF 100,000 in 100 registered shares of CHF 1,000 fully paid; share transfers need unanimous board consent; vote cap one fifth; dissolution needs a three-quarters majority; board 1-7 members, three-year terms, five-share deposit; 1-2 auditors plus substitute; profit use 5/10/5/20 percent; liquidation by the board under the Code of Obligations; publication in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce. No patents, licences, inventors, research programme or Kassner are mentioned; the translation's 'electro-chemical' is an error. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: section 2 purpose clause mistranslated as 'electro-chemical companies'; section 5 (capital increase) lost to OCR; signatures not reproduced; section 27 substitute auditor omitted.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: see the PDF twin (index 102).

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Minutes of the 5th ordinary general meeting, 20 Dec 1937, 14:30-15:30, Zurich (notarised by Dr. Trumpy), with the attendance list and the 1936 balance sheet, and the letter of 22 Dec 1937 reporting the liquidation to the register. 54 shares represented (Stoffel 48 shares = 10 votes; Hoffmann 6 = 6; total 16 votes, majority 9). Balance at 31 Dec 1936 (CHF): Dipol A.-G. Arbon loan 51,154.90; securities 25,000; research account 1,120,380.15 (1,026,064.80 at end 1935 plus 94,315.35 in 1936); total 1,196,535.05; against share capital 100,000, loan account I 1,016,535.05 and bridging credit 80,000. The 1936 profit-and-loss was only CHF 202 of expenses, all capitalised into the research account (93.6 percent of assets); on any realistic valuation the company was insolvent. The chairman (Stoffel, president and sole board member) reported 'complete lack of further funds': part of the patents the research account represents 'has already lapsed' because the maintenance fees could not be paid, the remaining patents cannot be exploited industrially 'in the foreseeable future', so liquidation is the only way to avoid bankruptcy. The meeting voted unanimously for dissolution; Stoffel (industrialist of Arbon, in St. Gallen) became liquidator. Not named: Kassner, any patent, buyer, creditor (the lenders of loan accounts I and II), the nature of Dipol A.-G. Arbon, or the 17 Jul 1936 minutes of general meetings 1-4 that justify the research-account valuation. Machine translation (Apr 2017, in the folder) of noisy OCR; errors found in the deep read: the same translation errors as index 96; the scanner streak on p.7 is pasted into the translation as an image fragment.

Relevance: English version of the Glarus register papers; usable only after the corrections listed (the primary text is the German original).

Mainstream conflict: none (corporate records)

Popular documentary on non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields. 'Resonance' in the title is the Schumann resonance (7.83 Hz), not UHF dielectric resonance. Topics: Schumann/alpha-rhythm link; Wever's bunker experiments; Montagnier's DNA-in-water claims; bees and DECT phones (Kuhn, 4 vs 4 hives); Ritz's radical-pair robin compass disrupted by weak RF; electrosensitivity and the Essex provocation study (44 volunteers where about 132 were needed; about 90 percent confidence); industry-funding bias; a mast cancer cluster anecdote; Volkow's 47-subject glucose study; SAR limits (EU 2 W/kg per 10 g, US 1.6 W/kg per 1 g); Hardell epidemiology; melatonin. The ICNIRP argument that limits protect only against heating is the closest it comes to a premise shared with the Ternion claims. It never mentions Ternion, Kassner, Debye, UHF serum or water resonances.

Key claims

• Non-thermal RF and ELF fields have biological effects at exposures below thermal safety limits (film's thesis).
• Exposure limits cover only heating and acute effects, so non-thermal effects are untested by them.

Relevance: Popular-media context for claim 3 (non-thermal biological effects of RF/ELF); gives no support to frequency-specific serum resonance and no new evidence; a list of studies to verify.

Mainstream conflict: Several items (Montagnier, Schumann-alpha equality) conflict with or lack mainstream support; others (RF-sensitive radical-pair compass, weak epidemiological signals) are active research [memory, medium]

SECONDARY SOURCE: an earlier AI-written analysis (Morray-TH folder), not primary evidence. It reads US 2,089,966 as the strongest cross-reference between T. H. Moray's engineering and contemporary European physics: plate-oscillator, 10 cm plate and 1 cm gap at about 30 cm, friction vs resonance dispersion (delta-lambda/lambda about 2/100, 'Q about 50'), frozen-in electrets (0.5-2.0e-9 C/cm^2), serum at 85-95 cm, and a dose-dependent preserve-or-damage framework which it compares to modern Tumor Treating Fields. It retracts an earlier Q-factor critique, proposes a radioisotope-pumped electret as a power mechanism, and notes at least 11 patents in the Kassner folder. It also says Ternion's vulcanization IP 'was sold to US tire companies' (the press item names Goodrich and Firestone buying patents from discoveries of Dufour, Le Duc and Kassner, not Ternion IP) and contains the unsupported statements that Moray and Kassner filed convergent 1931 disclosures. The note is interpretive; each claim should be checked against the primary patent texts.

Key claims

• Kassner's resonance-dispersion physics needs only Q of about 50 (an AI note's arithmetic from delta-lambda/lambda = 2%).
• The Kassner patents partially anticipate later dielectric heating and tumour-treating-fields ideas (AI note's inference).

Relevance: Evidence of how earlier AI passes framed the project; must not be used as evidence for any claim.

Mainstream conflict: mixed; the radioisotope-pumped electret and Moray comparisons are speculative

SECONDARY SOURCE: an earlier AI-written analysis (Morray-TH folder), not primary evidence. Tests the a hypothesis put to the review, that Kassner-style resonance pumping of water lets electrolysis run below the combustion enthalpy of the H2 + O2 made (a cycle COP above 1). Numbers quoted correctly: dG = 237 kJ/mol, dH = 286 kJ/mol, T dS = 49 kJ/mol (17 percent of dH), practical cell voltage 1.6-2.0 V, Debye tau of water about 8.3 ps with a loss peak near 20 GHz (1.56 cm). Load-bearing steps are asserted: a 'realistic ceiling' COP of 1.2-1.4 (1.2 is the ordinary reversible limit; 1.4 exceeds it), the claim that the second law is satisfied 'if the cycle is sufficiently dissipative', and three unsourced mechanisms (phonon rectification at 5 THz or 600 GHz, non-equilibrium vibrational pumping, cold-product scattering). It claims Kassner's sharp resonance 'matches the linewidth of some' of water's features and calls the proposal 'experimentally testable'. The deep read finds the arithmetic right but the second-law and COP claims unsupported.

Key claims

• Resonance pumping can let water electrolysis draw ambient heat beyond T dS and give a cycle COP above 1 without breaking the second law (AI note's assertion).
• Kassner's 2 percent resonance dispersion might coincide with water features near 600 GHz or 5 THz (assertion).

Relevance: Same energy-machine idea as the essay in the folder but with real thermodynamic numbers; refuted for net energy by state-function reasoning in the deep read.

Mainstream conflict: Conflicts with the second law as stated (heat taken from a single reservoir to do net work) [memory, high]

SECONDARY SOURCE: an earlier AI-written analysis (Morray-TH folder), not primary evidence. Built from WebFetch extractions of a three-part Substack series ('the full text was not directly read'). The audit marks: supported (Glarus registration; Kassner's address Arbon on US 2,089,966; Bauch's GEC secondment per the memoriam); contradicted or wrong ('47-year-old' James Yate Johnson is the address 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields; GB417501's applicant is the agent Johnson communicating for Ternion AG; Bauch 'travelled to Switzerland' is not in any source; dissolution framed as secrecy whereas the 1937 minutes record failure for lack of funds; the vulcanization sale was by neither Ternion nor stated sellers); and unsupported inferences (a suppression thesis routing Ternion through GEC to wartime US-UK intelligence; Glarus tax-structuring motives; Bayer/Continental/Goodyear microwave vulcanization). It treats the Goodrich/Firestone purchase as removing vulcanization from the 'unverified Kassner claim' list, which overstates it: the press item shows commercial interest in patents, not that Kassner's 'energy content' mechanism is what the tire industry used (the usual mechanism is dielectric heating).

Key claims

• Ternion sold its vulcanization intellectual property to American tire companies (AI note; the press item names Goodrich and Firestone buying patents from discoveries of Dufour, Le Duc and Kassner, seller unnamed).
• US government interest in Ternion was channelled through GEC Research (AI note; no document supports it; contradicted in part by the 1937 liquidation for lack of funds).

Relevance: Documents earlier AI mistakes so they are not repeated; useful audit table.

Mainstream conflict: none (it is an audit of claims, mostly marked unsupported)