TernionAG: Investigator site log (sites.md)

Running log for STEP I (prompt.txt). One row per site. Result: positive (relevant material found), negative (searched, nothing relevant), partial, or blocked (could not access; retry). Recheck? is yes for positive and blocked sites. Notes for each visit are in research/{date}-{site}.md; downloaded copies are in research/files/.

Runs: 2026-10-03 (run 1: first run, so there were no positive sites to recheck). The WebSearch tool was out of quota for the whole run, so every search went through each site's own search endpoint. Run 2: 2026-10-03 (same calendar date as run 1; "Last checked" below therefore keeps the date and says "run 2" in Notes). The WebSearch tool was again out of quota; Google searches and blocked sites were run in Chrome (a new tab of my own, closed at the end). Run 2 notes are the files research/2026-10-03-*-run2.md, 2026-10-03-google-patents.md, 2026-10-03-swiss-archives.md, 2026-10-03-e-newspaperarchives.md and 2026-10-03-run2-other-sites.md. Run 3: 2026-10-04 (first run under the new STEP I priorities: the inventor's own work, support by others, related work, then records). Chrome was used throughout (one new tab, closed at the end); WebFetch only for PDFs that Chrome's viewer cannot expose and one firewall-blocked page. No file was downloaded through the browser; two PDFs fetched by WebFetch are kept in research/files/run3/. Run 3 notes: research/2026-10-04-depatisnet.md, 2026-10-04-heller-pearl-chain.md, 2026-10-04-arnold.md, 2026-10-04-related-work.md, 2026-10-04-records-and-rechecks.md. Follow-up Q03: 2026-10-06 (STEP F, one owner question). Web time about 5 minutes (Chrome, one new tab, closed; stopped early because the question was answered). Notes: research/2026-10-06-followup-Q03.md. Follow-up Q05: 2026-10-07 (STEP F, one owner question). Web time about 2 minutes by the timer (Chrome, one new tab, closed; stopped early: the question turns mainly on thermodynamics and the project's own texts). Notes: research/2026-10-07-followup-Q05.md.

Keywords tried

The full lists per site are in the research notes. Combined list so later runs can vary them: - Company names and variants: Ternion, "Ternion A.-G.", "Ternion A. G.", "Ternion A.G.", "Ternion Aktiengesellschaft", Ternion Glarus, Ternion Stoffel, "Ternion" Bauch, "Dipol A.-G.", "Dipol A. G.", "Dipol A.G." Arbon, Dipol Arbon, Dipol Stoffel, Vibranic, "Vibranic Ltd", Grell Vibranic, "Universal Inventions", "General Infra", "Suisse Infra" - Kassner name forms: "Kassner, Ernst", "E. E. W. Kassner", "Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner", Kassner Ernst, "Kassner" Glarus, "Kassner" Arbon, Kassner Arbon, Kassner Stoffel, "Ternion" Kassner, AUTH:"Kassner EW" - Kassner plus technical terms: Kassner "dipolar substances", Kassner "energy content" dipolar, "Kassner" "ultrashort waves", Kassner Ultrakurzwellen, Kassner Dipol, "Kassner" vulcanization, Kassner "anomalous dispersion", "Kassner" "Alien Property" - Patent numbers: "2,089,966" (others were retrieved by number: 2,094,602; 2,096,459) - People: "Giodvad Grell", Grell Stoffel, Hoffmann Stoffel Arbon, "F. W. O. Bauch", "Bauch" "radiation therapy", "Bauch" Marconi 1935, Bauch Friedrich, Bauch F W O, Frederick William Otto Bauch, Bauch Frederick, BAUCH, F, radiation therapy Marconi 1935

Run 2 additions: - Company names: "Industry Inventions, Inc.", "Industry Inventions" Goodrich, "General Infra" (BAR, archives-online, IA, e-newspaperarchives), "General Infra Company", "Infra Co" Chur, "Suisse Infra", "Dipol A.-G." (newspapers), Dipol Laboratorium, Dipol Philosophenweg, "Elektro-Physikalische Gesellschaft", "Phono-Vision", Ternion Glarus (archives-online), "Universal Inventions" (Bodleian), Google Patents assignee= Ternion / Vibranic / Universal Inventions / Dipol / General Infra / Grell - Kassner: "E. E. W. Kassner", "Ernst E. W. Kassner", "Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner" (Google), Kassner Ernst, "Ernst Kassner", Kassner Zürich, Kassner Montana, "Kassner" Montana-Vermala, Ernst Kassner Ingenieur, Kassner Hochfrequenz, Kassner Infrarot, Kassner Ultrakurzwellen (newspapers, HathiTrust), "Kassner" Lichtbildmikrophon, "Kassner" "Elektrophysikalische", "Kassner" FIAT "high frequency", "Kassner" BIOS report, "Kassner" "Hirst", Kassner Arbon, Google Patents inventor= Kassner / Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Kassner / Ernst E W Kassner - People: "Alfred Wiegner", Wiegner Alfred, Wiegner Arbon, Wiegner Chemiker, Wiegner Dipol, Anton Lanter, Lanter Steinach, "Max Stoffel", Stoffel Arbon, Stoffel Dipol, Stoffel Rosenbergstrasse, Oertli-Heer, Giodvad, "Giodvad Grell", Grell (BAR), "Wilma Hencke", Hencke Unger, "Orlan M. Arnold", Bauch (Bodleian), Google Patents inventor= Grell / Giodvad / Wiegner / Bauch - Patent numbers and citations: "2,089,966" (CourtListener), forward citations of US 2,089,966 / 2,109,843 / 2,094,602 / 2,096,459 / 1,951,731 / 2,104,697 / 2,558,568 and GB 417,501 / 417,564 / 483,062 / 448,417-9 / 448,494 / 383,508 / 435,643, FR 786,294, DE 661,695, CH 169,177; pages US 2,415,025, 2,495,429, 2,833,657, 3,095,359, 2,463,569; DE 1,128,930; CH 250,508, 254,655; FR 926,351 - Technical: Ultrakurzwellen Arbon, Kurzwellen Konservierung, Hochfrequenz Ultrakurzwellen Patent 1945, "Ternion" G.E.C.

Not yet tried (for run 2): Wiegner (Dr. Alfred Wiegner, chemist), Lanter Steinach, Oertli-Heer, Drenowatz, Borel Studer Burri, Philosophenweg Arbon, "Orlan M. Arnold", "Universal Inventions Limited" (BT 31 / London Gazette), Kassner Montana, Kassner Vermala, Kassner Sierre, Kassner Infrarot, Johnson "Ternion" (J. Y. Johnson, the London agent), "435,043", "448,418", "786,294", CH 169177, Hochfrequenz Konservierung 1933, "Kurzwellen" Lebensmittel Konservierung, "Dufour" "Leduc" Kassner, Goodrich "Kassner", Firestone "Kassner", Kassner Paperclip / FIAT / BIOS / CIOS (Allied technical intelligence reports on German HF heating), Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Bauch, Stoffel Arbon Industrieller.

Not yet tried (for run 3): "Proclaimed List" "General Infra" / "Statutory List" Infra Chur (Federal Register supplements 1943-46; London Gazette); "Phono-Vision" Zürich 1937 (SHAB, newspapers); Kayser Kassner Harmonik; "Herbert Lang" Kassner; "Wilma Hencke" (German address books, DPMA); Kassner Fusion 1960 / UHF-Resonanzdrehfelder; Kassner 1900 Königsberg (birth records); "Industry Inventions" Smithers (Akron Beacon Journal; Ohio Secretary of State charter); Grell "Insurance Co. of North America"; Spencer Kassner (Raytheon histories); Heller "critical frequency" (pearl chain; Heller's papers); Wiegner Dissertation ETH 1930; SPSL Kassner; Oberpfaffenhofen Kassner; French: Kassner "substances dipolaires", Vibranic brevet; the run-1 list items still untried: "Orlan M. Arnold" patents' file wrappers, Johnson "Ternion", "Dufour" "Leduc" Kassner, Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Bauch.

Run 3 additions (2026-10-04): - Kassner's own work: DEPATISnet bibdat GB000000448418A, GB000000435643A, FR000000786294A, FR000000788428A, DE000001128930A/B; expert IN=Kassner AND PUB>=01.01.1938 AND PUB<=31.12.1970; (IN=Kassner OR PA=Kassner OR PA=Ternion OR PA=Physikalische) AND PUB<=31.12.1937 (PA="Elektro-Physikalische" is rejected by the parser); Espacenet pn=GB448418A - Support by others: "Heller" "pearl chain" formation radio frequency 1959 OR 1960 "New England Institute"; Heller Teixeira-Pinto "A new physical method of creating chromosomal aberrations" Nature 1959; Mittler S 1976 radio waves genetic; "Orlan M. Arnold"; Google Patents inventor=Orlan M Arnold; 237 F.2d 584 - Related work: Grundler Keilmann 1983 "Physical Review Letters" yeast growth 42 GHz sharp resonances replication Furia; "Grundler" "Keilmann" "Sharp resonances in yeast growth"; Webb Booth 1969 Nature "absorption of microwaves by microorganisms"; Gandhi Hagmann 1980 "millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples"; Schliephake Esau Kurzwellen "spezifische Wirkung" OR "athermische" 1930er Wellenlänge Bakterien; "Die biologischen Wirkungen der Kurzwellen" Springer; Kappe Pieber Dallinger 2013 "Microwave effects in organic synthesis: myth or reality"; Botanical Review 1944 text: Benedetti, Hertzian, Garung, Hefe - Records: swisscovery creator,contains,Wiegner Alfred; "Wiegner, Alfred" Diss. ETH; "B.F. Goodrich" records University of Akron archival services finding aid series "Research Center"; "B.F. Goodrich Company Records" 1868-1990 box list; BIOS OR FIAT OR CIOS "final report" "high frequency heating" German 1946; "General Infra" Chur "Proclaimed List" OR "Statutory List" OR "black list" 1944 OR 1945 OR 1946; HathiTrust "General Infra", "General Infra" Chur; e-newspaperarchives Kassner Ultrakurzwellen, "General Infra", Phonovision; archives-online Hencke

Not yet tried (for run 4): "Wilma Hencke" and Hencke Haydnstraße (Munich address books 1955-65; DPMA); Kassner München 1961 / Kassner gestorben 1961 (death notices, Süddeutsche Zeitung); "K 40449"; DE 1,027,745 and DE 1,045,495 (the citations against DE 1,128,930); "BIOS Final Report No. 866"; Krasny-Ergen (Hochfrequenztechnik 1936-37); Liebesny Wertheim (other family members of GB 417,863; Vienna); Benedetti lievito onde corte (Italian); Heller Mickey "non-thermal" 1961; Jaski 1961 Science; Susskind Vogelhut (frequency-specific growth); Arnold v. Watson record (NARA RG 21, RG 276); "Serial No. 576,245"; French "résonance moléculaire" Kassner; Spanish Kassner "sustancia dipolar" (ES 135,727; Spanish patent office OEPM historical archive); Debye-Falkenhagen electrolyte dispersion (mainstream context for claim 1).

Follow-up Q03 additions (2026-10-06; RF/microwave electrolysis and water bonds): - microwave assisted water electrolysis hydrogen production efficiency; Serra 2020 Nature Energy "Hydrogen production via microwave-induced water splitting at low temperature" abstract; Roy Rao Kanzius 2008 "radiofrequency" salt water hydrogen bonds Materials Research Innovations; organicdesign.nz Burning_salt_water Roy 2008 pdf; Kanzius burning salt water energy balance more energy in than out explanation; "microwave-enhanced electrochemistry" Compton Marken thermal effect hydrogen evolution; Marken 2008 "in situ microwave heating" electrochemistry review abstract superheating mass transport; Semantic Scholar API microwave enhanced electrochemistry superheated; Europe PMC "microwave" AND "electrolysis" AND ("non-thermal" OR "nonthermal") AND water; terahertz radiation weaken hydrogen bonds water electrolysis overpotential enhanced hydrogen evolution; Puharich US 4394230 "thermodynamically reversible" water splitting resonance frequency; "US4394230" OR "4,394,230" Puharich abstract "complex electrical wave form" efficiency; Hundt Beck 2014 Science bond-selective HOD Ni(111) O-H stretch excitation dissociation; "radio frequency" OR "RF field" assisted alkaline water electrolysis hydrogen efficiency experimental study; "Alkaline water electrolysis enhanced by radio frequency alternating magnetic field"; Gatard Carrey Chaudret magnetic induction heating nanoparticles water electrolysis overpotential decrease Nature Energy 2018; Rao Sedlmayr Roy Kanzius 2010 Current Science "Polarized microwave and RF radiation effects on the structure and stability of liquid water"; "Rao" "Kanzius" 2010 "microwave-distilled water" Raman abstract hydrogen oxygen "13.56"; Kanzius burning salt water independent replication "sodium" flame color plasma electrode explanation; Stanley Meyer water fuel cell 1996 Ohio court "gross and egregious fraud" expert electrolysis; Kappe 2013 "Microwave effects in organic synthesis: myth or reality" non-thermal abstract - Not yet tried: Kanzius replication 13.56 MHz salt water hydrogen gas chromatography; Niether 2018 energy balance induction power efficiency; "22.235 GHz" OR "1.35 cm" water vapour line 1930s Kassner; Hochfrequenz Elektrolyse Wasser 1930er (German); électrolyse haute fréquence eau (French)

Follow-up Q05 additions (2026-10-07; energy asymmetry in splitting water, second reservoir, Debye loss): - "second Wien effect" water dissociation electric field enhanced; Bui 2021 "On the Nature of Field-Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes" abstract; thermally regenerative fuel cell hydrogen water electrolysis high temperature recombination low temperature Carnot efficiency limit; water dielectric relaxation time 8.3 ps 25 C relaxation frequency 19 GHz Kaatze loss factor; "electric field" effect on "Gibbs free energy" of water splitting reaction thermodynamic equilibrium voltage shift experiment; Saitta 2012 Physical Review Letters "Ab initio study of water molecular dissociation under an electric field" V/A; Niether 2018 "magnetic heating" electrolysis FeC-Ni energy balance "power" of alternating magnetic field included overall efficiency; "aggravate this negative energy balance even further"; ambient RF energy harvesting typical power density μW/cm2 urban measurement survey - Not yet tried: Bui 2021 escholarship pdf bipolar membrane thermodynamic voltage field; Chum thermally regenerative electrochemical systems review 1981; Morehouse 1986 thermally regenerative hydrogen oxygen fuel cell NTRS; isothermal calorimetry water electrolysis RF field total energy per mole; Wasserelektrolyse Hochfrequenzfeld Energiebilanz (German)

Leads for review

Each lead names the claim (claims.md numbering) or open question (arbiter.md) it bears on. Leads are not verdicts; the next Steps 1b-4b weigh them.

1. Who sold the 1945 vulcanisation patents, and which Kassner patents were in the package (claim 7; arbiter open question 2). A B. F. Goodrich Research Center paper (Rubber World, Oct 1950) names the Kassner patents in the portfolio as US 2,089,966 and US 2,109,843. It judges that they "touch on this problem somewhat" and "specified frequencies about 150 million cycles per second". The US agent was H. H. Giodvad Grell, New York: he held a 1941 option on the Dufour/Leduc patents (US Alien Property Custodian Vesting Order 679, 1943), and Goodrich held the rubber field. In Nov 1945 Grell sold unnamed "patent rights" for Fr. 200,000 to Vibranic Ltd, Glarus, chaired by Max Stoffel (Ternion's founder and liquidator), with Ternion's old domicile. Next: the Vibranic register file (Landesarchiv Glarus), the purchase contract of 15 Nov 1945, and the USPTO assignment records (Liber/page) for 2,089,966 and 2,109,843. [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md; research/2026-10-03-e-periodica-shab.md]
2. Dipol A.-G., Arbon: the likely laboratory behind Ternion (claim 8; open question 3, "Did Dipole A.-G. Arbon house the research, and where did the Fr. 1.12 million go?"). It was founded the same day as Ternion (18 Apr 1932) by Stoffel, with factory premises on the Philosophenweg in Arbon, a chemist with signing authority (Dr. Alfred Wiegner, Aug 1932), a trademark for "Elektrische Apparate" (Nov 1932), and liquidation alongside Ternion in 1938. Next: the Staatsarchiv Thurgau register file for Dipol A.-G. (statutes, balance sheets, liquidation report), and SHAB searches for Wiegner and Lanter. [research/2026-10-03-e-periodica-shab.md]
3. Courts treated Kassner's patent as prior art for a later "anomalous-dispersion, below-softening-temperature" claim (claims 1, 2, 7, 12). In In re Arnold (CCPA 1950) and Arnold v. Watson (D.D.C. 1955), Orlan M. Arnold claimed fusing at the surface "while the actual temperature ... remains below" normal, using the dispersion-centre frequency. The courts ruled only on patentability. The 1955 judgment was given on "evidence" and says Arnold "exposed the error of certain assumptions ... by predecessors". Next: Arnold's patents and applications, and the 1955 trial exhibits. This is an independent claimant of a selective, sub-thermal effect, and possibly a test record. [research/2026-10-03-caselaw-access-project.md]
4. Patent family enlarged (claims 4, 5; source-gap note "GB448418 not in the folder"). New: US 2,094,602 (downloaded; probable twin of GB448418, with an ellipsoid applicator for treating substances); US 2,096,459 (downloaded; twin of GB448419; "about 40 %" again unmeasured); GB 435,043 [corrected in run 2: GB 435,643, per Google Patents] (J. Y. Johnson for Ternion A-G, application 15 Dec 1933, a light valve with plate resonators; not in either folder); FR 786,294 (UHF emitter "pour agir sur les substances dipolaires"), FR 786,296 and FR 786,297; Swiss CH 169,177 (the 1931 applicator). Next: obtain GB 435,043, GB 448,418 and FR 786,294 (Espacenet in a browser). [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md; research/2026-10-03-uspto-ppubs.md]
5. Kassner's later life (biography; claim 7, "who was Kassner"). He was a German citizen living in Zürich in 1943 as an engineer, and a board member and shareholder of General Infra Company AG, Chur (1943-53), which exploited "spectral infra-red high-power emitters" under "a new physical principle". By 1951 he was in Montana-Vermala, assigning his US infra-red patent to Vibranic. Next: General Infra's register file (Staatsarchiv Graubünden); Swiss patent lists 1943-1955. [research/2026-10-03-e-periodica-shab.md]
6. Bauch's 1953 self-description (claim 9). In Wireless World, Feb 1953, Bauch's Hertz Institute work is "supersonics" (ultrasound), followed by "a short spell at the G.E.C. Research Laboratories, Wembley". Ternion and UHF are not mentioned. This is a second biography (after the memoriam) that confirms the GEC stay and does not support a Ternion UHF project. The claim stays uncorroborated. [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md]
7. Contemporary scientific notice of GB417501 (claims 3, 7). The patent was abstracted in Chemical Abstracts (1935, vol. 29, 1178) and cited in Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, Weissberger's Technique of Organic Chemistry and Ellis's Chemistry of Synthetic Resins. The Botanical Review (1944) cites it for "stimulation of bacterial fermentation" (GB417501 p.10). All of these cite the claim, and none reports a test. Next: read the Chem. Abs. 29:1178 abstract and the Botanical Review context. [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md]
8. Industry hint of a non-thermal effect in 1945 (claims 2, 3). Rubber World, Apr 1945: "the excellent results obtained by electronic vulcanization are due not only to rapid uniform heating, but also may be connected in some way with electronic power itself". This is an unsupported trade-press remark that mentions no data. Weigh it against the Goodrich staff's own 1950 heating-only account (lead 1). [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md]
9. Possible earlier Kassner (biography, low priority). An "Ernst Kassner, Berlin" (no middle initials) held 1926-28 US patents for adding machines and cash registers; the Alien Property Custodian vested them in 1943 (Vesting Order 201). The identity with E. E. W. Kassner is unknown. [research/2026-10-03-internet-archive.md]

Run 2 leads (2026-10-03)

10. The record is not silent after 1937; it lies in other archives. Arbiter.md, "The record goes dark", explanations 2, 3 and 5; claim 7, "who was Kassner". New dated traces of E. E. W. Kassner:

    • 1929: "Ernst Kassner", assignee Elektro-Physikalische Gesellschaft m.b.H., electro-optical patents (identity likely, not proven).
    • 1937: "Phono-Vision, Ernst E.W. Kassner", a folder of "Fotos und vertrauliche Firmenunterlagen" prepared for an advertisement. It is in the Albin Grau papers, Kantonsbibliothek Appenzell Ausserrhoden, CMO-59-01-A-13, and a digitised copy exists.
    • 5 Nov 1938: Kassner's visiting card ("z. Zt. Hotel Schweizerhof Bern") sent with a Herbert Lang & Cie letter to the harmonics theorist Hans Kayser (Swiss Literary Archives, SLA-Kayser-B-2-307a).
    • 1943: General Infra, Zürich.
    • 1951: Montana-Vermala.
    • 1960: DE 1,128,930 B, "UHF-Resonanzdrehfelder" from circular plate resonators for particle acceleration, plasma and "Kernfusionsforschung"; applicant Wilma Hencke geb. Unger.

    Kassner worked from about 1921 to at least 1962. The Phono-Vision folder is the first internal Kassner business record found, and it is marked confidential. Next: request the digital copy from KB AR, and a copy of the Kayser item from the SLA. [research/2026-10-03-swiss-archives.md; 2026-10-03-google-patents.md] 11. Wartime record: General Infra Co AG is in the Swiss "Schwarze Liste" files. Explanation 5 (wartime or classification secrecy). Swiss Federal Archives E2001E#1968/78#9311, "General Infra Co AG, Chur", 1946-48, is filed under B.51.322 "Schwarze Liste" (Neutralität und Krieg / Vermögen). Reading [memory, medium]: B.51.322 holds the Swiss foreign ministry's files on Swiss firms placed on the Allied economic-warfare blacklists. The file title alone does not prove General Infra was listed. Its board included "Ernst E. W. Kassner, deutscher Staatsangehöriger". - Also: Federal Police dossiers on "Kassner, Ernst (20.11.1900)", 1939 (E4264 series G, enquiries about foreigners) and 1946-47 (E4264 series P, identity papers and passports). Their identity with E. E. W. Kassner is unconfirmed. - All three files are open. The owner can order them after registering at recherche.bar.admin.ch. - These are the first government security-context records touching the Kassner group. Their content will show whether the Allies treated the infra-red/UHF work as enemy-linked, and why. Next: order the files; check the US Proclaimed List and the British Statutory List supplements (1943-46) for General Infra and Suisse Infra. [research/2026-10-03-swiss-archives.md] 12. Patent-office recognition of Kassner as prior art to microwave heating of food. Claim 7 (Voss: "foresaw ... the microwave oven"). Percy Spencer's microwave-cooking patent (US 2,495,429, Raytheon, filed Oct 1945) lists "2,094,602 Kassner" among its References cited (USPTO scan). Raytheon's 1954 fruit-juice sterilisation patent (US 2,833,657) cites US 2,089,966, the same application Kassner claimed (juices at about 40 cm). Mainstream UHF-tube patents from RCA, Bell, GE and Westinghouse (32 citations) cite US 2,109,843. This documents that Kassner's patents were treated as relevant prior art by the patent office and/or applicants, which supports Voss's historical point. It does not support the non-thermal mechanism, since Spencer and Copson frame their inventions as heating. [research/2026-10-03-google-patents.md] 13. A later independent claim of frequency-specific non-thermal effects cites Kassner. Claims 1-3. John H. Heller (New England Institute for Medical Research), US 3,095,359 (1959): "each organism is responsive to a critical frequency and voltage"; pulsed fields "to minimize adverse thermal effects"; cites US 2,089,966. Others citing GB417501: Jonas (seed treatment by HF fields, 1950) and later cell- and productivity patents. These are further claimants, not tests. Heller's lab records or publications (pearl-chain work [memory, medium]) could hold data. [research/2026-10-03-google-patents.md] 14. The Fr. 200,000 Vibranic purchase included the foreign rights to Grell's own heating patent. Open question 2; claim 7. Vibranic's FR 926,351 has the same priority date (22 Apr 1943) as US 2,415,025 (Grell and Richards), whose US rights were assigned to Firestone and Goodrich. Vibranic's CH 250,508 (4 May 1945) is a quasi-optical heating chamber with the same priority date as Grell's CH 254,655. So Stoffel's 1945 company bought Grell's foreign HF-heating portfolio. Whether any Kassner patent was in it remains open: only US 2,558,568, filed 1946, is assigned to Vibranic. Goodrich and Firestone set up Industry Inventions, Inc. (Ohio, Aug 1945) to license "the Leduc and Dufour" patents; Kassner is not named in the licensing announcements, though he was named in the January 1945 purchase release. Next: the Industry Inventions charter and licence schedules (Ohio Secretary of State; Goodrich records at the University of Akron, OhAkUAS0037). [research/2026-10-03-google-patents.md; 2026-10-03-internet-archive-run2.md] 15. Dipol A.-G. (the Arbon laboratory) closed in 1933. Claim 8; open question 3; explanation 1. The Thurgauer Zeitung (30 Dec 1933), Bote vom Untersee und Rhein (2 Jan 1934) and Der Landbote (3 Jan 1934) name "die Aufhebung der Dipol A.G." as a cause of Arbon's 1933 tax fall (from over Fr. 100,000 to about Fr. 70,000). The laboratory ran for about 18 months (Apr 1932 to late 1933), long before its formal 1938 dissolution. The timing matches Kassner's move to London (1934-36). Next: the Arbon municipal tax rolls (Stadtarchiv Arbon) and the Dipol register file (Staatsarchiv Thurgau), which archives-online shows is not catalogued online. [research/2026-10-03-e-newspaperarchives.md] 16. Dr. Alfred Wiegner identified. Claim 8. Born 30 May 1905, of Zürich; ETH chemistry diploma; doctorate 1930 (ETH doctoral dossier EZ-2.4/00630); died 1973; later president of the Swiss Cotton Commission, St. Gallen (ETH Hochschularchiv). His 1930 dissertation will show his field. He is the only Ternion-group scientist other than Kassner whose publications can be traced. [research/2026-10-03-swiss-archives.md] 17. Possible UK refugee-aid file. Claim 9 context; explanation 5. The Bodleian, SPSL archive, MS. S.P.S.L. 508/1-4, "W Kaeser - E Kassner" (refugees not funded or registered by the Society). It could hold Kassner's own account of his London years (1934-36). Identity unknown. [research/2026-10-03-run2-other-sites.md] 18. Closed or corrected:* the 1941 SHAB "Kassner Ultrakurzwellen" hit is a false match; the Ternion light relay is GB 435,643 (not 435,043); US 2,190,668 is Llewellyn (Bell Labs), not Kassner; "Vibranic ... sterilizing canned foods" in the 1951 index is a misreading of adjacent entries.

Run 3 leads (2026-10-04), grouped by the STEP I priorities

1. The inventor's own work 19. Kassner died in Munich by May 1962 (claim 7, "who was Kassner"; arbiter "The record goes dark"). The Auslegeschrift (3 May 1962) and Patentschrift (15 Nov 1962) of DE 1,128,930 name "Ernst E. W. Kassner †, München" as inventor; the dagger marks a deceased person [memory, high on the convention]. Applicant: Wilma Hencke, geb. Unger, München 15, Haydnstr. 2; filed 14 Apr 1960, file K 40449. So the record of Kassner does not "go dark": it ends with his death around 1960-62, with his last plate-resonator work (UHF rotating fields for acceleration, plasma, "Kernfusionsforschung") passing to a private person. Hencke's relation to him is unknown. Next: Munich death register and address books; DPMA file K 40449. [research/2026-10-04-depatisnet.md] 20. NEW patent: FR 788,428 (filed Paris 27 Sep 1934, published 10 Oct 1935), "Procédé de polarisation diélectrique par résonance moléculaire électrique de substances dites « dipôles »", Kassner "résidant en Angleterre": the French member of the energy-content patent (claims 1-3), with the same gold-sol, agar, milk, veal ("plus de 15 jours") and apple-juice examples and the 90 cm serum band. Also ES 135,727 (Spanish member). Only pp.1 and 6 read. [research/2026-10-04-depatisnet.md] 21. Kassner's own words tie his "natural frequencies" to Debye relaxation (claim 1). FR 786,294 (filed 1934) p.1: the "fréquences propres respectivement les fréquences de relaxation dites « bandes de dispersion anomales »" of biological and organic substances lie in the quasi-optical range, "En conformité avec la théorie des dipôles de Debye". FR 788,428 p.1: the first natural frequency is "donnée par le temps de relaxation pour l'orientation des dipôles". Reviewers should set this beside GB 417,501's "hitherto unknown" sharp resonance dispersion: in these texts the frequencies are Debye relaxation frequencies, which mainstream physics accepts but which are broad. [research/2026-10-04-depatisnet.md] 22. GB 448,418 and GB 435,643 identified (source-gap note; claims 4-5). GB 448,418 (DE priority 31 Aug 1933; same family as FR 786,294 and US 2,094,602): an ellipsoidal-reflector applicator with the liquid to be treated circulated through a glass sphere at the second focus. GB 435,643: a plate-resonator light detector, "Divided out of 417,501", so the 1932 application also covered a dielectric-change detector. Abstracts only; full scans on DEPATISnet. [research/2026-10-04-depatisnet.md]

2. Support by others 23. Heller's experimental claim and a 1960 Navy assessment of it (claims 1-3). Heller and Teixeira-Pinto, Nature 183:905 (1959): 27 Mc pulsed field, garlic root tips, "No temperature increase in the water was noted", chromosome aberrations that "mimicked those produced by ionizing radiation", the degree "contingent upon frequency, pulse, power, exposure time, and the axis of the cell". The Midwest Research Institute survey for the Navy Bureau of Ships (1960) reported Heller's orientation effects as "frequency and species specific" and the chromosome effect as "A new specific nonthermal effect", and wrote that growth enhancement in the 1-20 m band "is not because of heating" and shows "frequency specificity". This is reporting by a government contractor, not replication; the same report gives Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarisation (Schwan and Shen) as a candidate mechanism. Against: Mittler (1976) found no genetic damage in Drosophila at 2 and 10 m (different organism; full text not read). Copies in files/run3/. [research/2026-10-04-heller-pearl-chain.md] 24. Arnold, a dielectric chemist, claimed the same principle in 1943-56 and lost on indefiniteness, not on physics (claims 1-3, 13). US 2,522,082 (filed 1945; examiner cited Kassner's US 2,089,966): "critical frequency" at the centre of the anomalous-dispersion range; surface molecules "selectively activated without abnormally activating those in the interior"; "destructive heating is not required"; the frequency shifts with temperature, concentration and voltage and must be tracked. One sentence of results ("Excellent results ... alkyd resin monomers"), no data. Arnold v. Watson, 237 F.2d 584 (D.C. Cir. 1956) affirmed the refusal of Serial Nos. 110,469 and 576,245 as "too broad and indefinite". Arnold (1904-1989) had published on electrolyte and polymer dielectric dispersion (JACS 1936; J. Electrochem. Soc. 1938). Next: the trial and appeal records (NARA RG 21 and RG 276) and the file wrappers. [research/2026-10-04-arnold.md] 25. The 1944 Botanical Review placed the Ternion patent in a small cluster of frequency-dependent fermentation reports (claim 3). Weintraub (1944): Benedetti found yeast fermentation rose or fell "depending upon ... the frequency used"; Liebesny and Wertheim (GB 417,863, Austrian priority 1932) claimed beneficial effects on yeasts, bacteria and moulds at 1.8 mm to 120 m, chosen per organism, with cooling; Ternion GB 417,501 for bacterial fermentation. Reported as claims, not weighed. [research/2026-10-04-related-work.md]

3. Related work (including work mainstream calls false) 26. The 1930s "specific effect" dispute (claims 2-3). Schliephake and Compère, "Spezifische Wirkung des Ultrakurzwellenfeldes" (Klin. Wschr. 1933); Kowarschik, Kurzwellentherapie (Wien 1936). Contemporary German texts (seen only as snippets) state that no specific short-wave effect on bacteria exists and that experiments claiming athermic effects did not prove them. Kassner's patents were filed in the middle of this open dispute. [research/2026-10-04-related-work.md] 27. Sharp-resonance claims after Kassner and their tests (claim 1). For: Webb and Booth, Nature 222:1199 (1969); Grundler and Keilmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51:1214 (1983), "Sharp Resonances in Yeast Growth Prove Nonthermal Sensitivity to Microwaves". Against: Gandhi et al., Bioelectromagnetics 1:285 (1980), swept 26.5-90 GHz on cells, DNA, RNA and frozen samples, "Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed", resonances "likely to be in error"; Gos et al., Bioelectromagnetics 18:142 (1997), a controlled repeat at 41.68-41.71 GHz, "no consistently significant differences". In chemistry, Kappe et al. (Angew. Chem. 2013) and a published reply keep the non-thermal microwave question in dispute. These answer the arbiter's open question on "Webb/Booth, Grundler/Keilmann" with web sources: the reports exist as remembered; the one designed repeat found here did not reproduce them. [research/2026-10-04-related-work.md]

4. Historical record 28. Dr. Alfred Wiegner (Dipol A.-G.) was an analytical and dye chemist, not a dielectric specialist (claim 8; open question 3). ETH dissertation on carbides and silicides in alloys under acid attack (examiners Bosshard and Treadwell); diploma on dyes (1929); later a cotton-trade leader. [research/2026-10-04-records-and-rechecks.md] 29. Goodrich R&D files located by series; BIOS 866 identified (claim 7; explanation 5). The Goodrich records' "Series VII: Research and Development" is the series to ask for (finding aid itself blocked). BIOS Final Report No. 866, "High Frequency Heating" (Items 1, 7, 9), is the Allied report on German HF heating; no online copy. General Infra was not found in any online Proclaimed/Statutory List text searched. [research/2026-10-04-records-and-rechecks.md]

Follow-up Q03 leads (2026-10-06): resonant weakening of water and RF-assisted electrolysis

1. The inventor's own work 30. Kassner wrote nothing on electrolysis or bond energies (claims 10-11) (follow-up Q03). His water band is the Debye band ("about 1.5 centimetres", GB417501 p.2; "1.28 centimetre", p.4 and p.10); his chemical claim is that resonant fields can enforce reactions "which otherwise only proceed under the influence of heat or of catalysts" (p.4; examples p.5, including acetylene + water to acetaldehyde): a rate claim, no yields or controls. [read: _text/ GB417501; research/2026-10-06-followup-Q03.md] 31. 1.28 cm may be the water-vapour rotational line (claim 1) (follow-up Q03). 22.235 GHz = 1.348 cm, 5 percent from Kassner's 1.28 cm "characteristic of water"; the liquid Debye peak is about 1.5-1.56 cm. An inference that could explain his two water values; whether the vapour line was known by 1932 is unchecked. [calc; memory, medium] [Correction 2026-10-08, QE recheck: the earliest measurement of the 22.235 GHz vapour line found is from 1946 (Becker and Autler), after Kassner's 1932 patent; earlier priority unverified.]

2. Support by others 32. RF and microwave fields do speed electrolysis, at the catalyst (claim 11, rate part) (follow-up Q03). Niether et al., Nature Energy 3:476 (2018): high-frequency magnetic heating of FeC-Ni nanoparticles lowered OER overpotential by 200 mV and HER by 100 mV at 20 mA/cm2 with a 5 C bulk rise; follow-on thesis Gatard (Grenoble 2021) and ACS AEM 2022. Serra et al., Nature Energy 5:910 (2020): microwaves reduce Gd-doped ceria, which then splits water below 250 C (university patent ES2726028-B2, interested party). Field power vs electrical saving not stated in the abstracts. [web: ideas.repec.org; nature.com] 33. Roy, Rao and Kanzius: RF "catalysis of dissociation" of salt water (claims 10-11) (follow-up Q03). Materials Research Innovations 12:3-6 (2008); Current Science 98:1500 (2010). 13.56 MHz, ~300 W; burning gas only while the field is on; Raman change in the O-H region; claimants propose "resonant coupling" and do not claim net energy. No independent replication found. [web: i-sis.org.uk; Chemistry World and ChEnected snippets]

3. Related work 34. Established resonant bond weakening of water is infra-red, at a surface (claim 10) (follow-up Q03). Hundt et al., Science 344:504 (2014): laser excitation of the D2O stretch strongly promotes dissociation on Ni(111); O-H vs O-D selectivity in HOD (J. Chem. Phys. 2018). Photon about 35,000 times a 1.28 cm photon. [web: EPFL infoscience, AIP snippets] [Correction 2026-10-08, QE recheck: the right ratio is about 3,400-4,700, not 35,000.] 35. Later resonance-electrolysis claims (claim 11) (follow-up Q03). Puharich US 4,394,230 (1983), "complex electrical wave form" water splitting (not read); Meyer "water fuel cell", Ohio court 1996 found "gross and egregious fraud" (court characterization). Non-thermal microwave effects in chemistry contested in print (Kappe et al. 2013 and the 2013 Correspondence). [web: Google snippets; Wikipedia]

Follow-up Q05 leads (2026-10-07): energy asymmetry in splitting water

1. The inventor's own work 36. Kassner: absorption is greatest at resonance (claims 1, 11) (follow-up Q05). "The excitation is especially strong and the absorption of energy therefore especially great in the case of resonance" (US2089966 p.3); the same page defines the "standing field" (water as the dielectric of a plate or concentric-tube resonator) and the "radiating field". Bears on the Q05 "lightly loaded tank" premise. [read: _text/ US2089966]

2. Support by others 37. Second Wien effect and bipolar membranes (claims 2, 11) (follow-up Q05). A measured, mainstream effect: strong static fields orient water and speed its dissociation into H+ and OH- (Onsager 1934; Mafé et al. 1998; Bui et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 2021; Yamamoto et al. 2025; Stovall et al., EES Catal. 2026 questions the model). A rate effect, DC, not a resonance at water's band. [web: Google snippets, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, pubs.rsc.org, escholarship.org] 38. Field-assisted electrolysis energy balances (claim 11) (follow-up Q05). ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 9(16):10362 (2026) review of magnetic electrocatalysis: snippet speaks of a "negative energy balance" made worse by AC coil losses, and of one laboratory-scale "net energy saving of 215.6 kWh"; context unseen (paywalled). Read for which method and whether field power was counted. [web: pubs.acs.org abstract; Google snippet]

3. Related work 39. Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles (claim 11) (follow-up Q05). The mainstream form of splitting water where it is cheap (hot) and recombining it where it pays (cold): NASA, Morehouse 1986 (electrolyzer at 1300 K); Chum's review of thermally regenerative electrochemical systems. A heat engine with a second reservoir, Carnot-bounded; it shows what the "environment pays" would have to be. [web: ntrs.nasa.gov and nlr.gov snippets] 40. Water's Debye loss and the field needed to dissociate water (claims 1, 4, 10, 11) (follow-up Q05). Relaxation near 19 GHz, tau about 8.3 ps (Kaatze); a water-filled resonator at the band has Q about 1.1 (loss tangent 0.88 at 19.2 GHz, 1.03 at 23.4 GHz) [calc]; Saitta et al. PRL 2012: dissociation beyond about 0.35 V/Å. [web: ResearchGate and ACS snippets; arxiv.org/abs/1204.1120]

Plan for the next run (run 4)

1. Priority 1: read FR 788,428 in full (10 pp., DEPATISnet page images) and compare it line by line with GB 417,501; read GB 448,418 and GB 435,643 in full; identify the 1925-31 Kassner chemistry and glow-discharge patents (GB 357,534, FR 693,641, GB 262,829) and the Spanish ES 135,727; look up DE 1,027,745 and DE 1,045,495. Munich: address books and death notices for Kassner and Wilma Hencke (1955-65).
2. Priority 2: Heller's 1959-61 papers and the Glaser 1976 bibliography for replications of the garlic root-tip result; Krasny-Ergen 1936-37; Liebesny's other publications; Benedetti; the Arnold v. Watson record and the file wrapper of Serial 576,245.
3. Priority 3: Kowarschik 1936 chapter; the Debye-Falkenhagen dispersion of electrolytes (mainstream context for the electrolyte bands of claim 1); full texts of Grundler and Keilmann 1983 and Gos 1997.
4. Priority 4: BIOS 866 (IWM, British Library, Science Museum); Goodrich Series VII by e-mail to UAkron Archival Services (owner); retry Espacenet; recheck the sites not rechecked in run 3 (USPTO, SHAB, CAP, CourtListener, BAR, swisscollections, Bodleian, NARA, HathiTrust search-inside).
5. Records only the owner can obtain are unchanged from the run-3 plan item 4, plus: DEPATISnet full scans of FR 788,428, FR 786,294, GB 448,418, GB 435,643, ES 135,727 for OCR (not downloaded by the Investigator).

Plan for run 3 (written after run 2; kept for the record)

1. Recheck the positive sites: Google Patents (DE 1,128,930 family; Heller's and Arnold's citing patents; any FR/CH Vibranic text), Internet Archive (Industry Inventions; Proclaimed List supplements), e-newspaperarchives (Phono-Vision 1936-38; General Infra 1943-53; Kassner Montana), archives-online and BAR (new cataloguing; search Infra, Kayser, Lang), swisscollections, USPTO, SHAB (Phono-Vision; Elektro-Physikalische Gesellschaft).
2. Retry the blocked and partial sites: Espacenet (CAPTCHA; perhaps on another day), HathiTrust search-inside (the Oberpfaffenhofen 1944 catalogue, Der Balneologe, Hochfrequenztechnik), NARA (read NAIDs 88008358, 222879108, 401666746), the University of Akron Goodrich finding aid, DEPATISnet (DE 1,128,930 scan with applicant address).
3. New sites: ETH Research Collection (Wiegner's 1930 dissertation); Kalliope (Kassner, Kayser correspondence); the Federal Register via govinfo or the Internet Archive (US Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals 1941-46, "General Infra"); the London Gazette (Universal Inventions Ltd; British Statutory List); DPMA/DEPATISnet (Kassner 1955-65); Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek / Arcinsys (German files on Kassner, Elektro-Physikalische Gesellschaft Berlin 1929); Stadtarchiv Arbon.
4. Records only the owner can obtain (ordering or registration needed; not done by the Investigator): BAR E2001E#1968/78#9311, E4264#2000/63#1515, E4264#1988/2#24190*; the KB Appenzell Ausserrhoden digitised copy of CMO-59-01-A-13 (Phono-Vision); the SLA-Kayser-B-2-307a copy; the Bodleian MS. S.P.S.L. 508; the Landesarchiv Glarus Vibranic file (contract of 15 Nov 1945); the Staatsarchiv Thurgau Dipol file.

Plan written after run 1 (kept for the record)

1. Recheck the positive sites: Internet Archive (new uploads; the untried keywords above), USPTO (2,109,843 and 2,104,697 are already in the folder; try ppubs full-text in a browser for "Ternion" and "Kassner" in 1920-1970 OCR), SHAB (Wiegner, Lanter, Drenowatz, Borel, the 1941 hit, the 1947 Vibranic notice), CAP (other cases citing 2,089,966).
2. Retry the blocked sites in a browser: Espacenet (families, GB 435,043, GB 448,418, FR 786,294, DE priorities), Google Patents ("cited by" for 2,089,966), e-newspaperarchives.ch.
3. New categories: Staatsarchiv Thurgau / Landesarchiv Glarus / Staatsarchiv Graubünden online catalogues (archives-online.org, query.staatsarchiv.tg.ch); the London Gazette (Universal Inventions Ltd); Allied technical-intelligence reports (FIAT, BIOS, CIOS) on German high-frequency heating; Chronicling America and Trove for 1945 newspaper coverage; the German Reichspatent DEPATISnet entries; Swiss university repositories (ETH e-collection) for Wiegner.