Hopper-WJ: central claims

Project: William J. Hooper (spelled "Hopper" in the folder name). Two documents: US patent 3,610,971 (1971) and an undated typescript essay (about 1969-70). Both are fully readable (patent: text layer; essay: OCR checked against page images). No source gap for these two, but note that neither contains measured data. The numbers, if any exist, are in works cited but not in the folder: the 1958 APS paper, Boulder Conference proceedings p.483 (1970), Bull. APS 15(2):209 (Feb 1970), and the unpublished book "New Horizons in Electric, Magnetic and Gravitational Field Theory".

1. Magnetic flux around a current moves along the conductor with the electrons' drift velocity V, so a current produces a motional electric field E = B x V (patent; essay, citing Cullwick 1957).
2. A non-inductive winding (over 4000 parallel conductors in series, half carrying current each way) has no measurable net magnetic field, yet the B x V fields of the two halves add, giving an isolated field that charges an external capacitor and is "immune to shielding", including a grounded steel shield (patent; essay). The experiments behind the immunity claim are not described in either folder document. QE update from the manuscript New Horizons (Investigator file, deep read): the WWII drift-meter plan was reviewed by the US Bureau of Standards, which judged it workable except inside a conducting cavity such as a metal-clad aircraft; a letter from an NBS colleague and Smythe (1939, p.500) are quoted as the mainstream position (equal and opposite fields, or none; shield emfs counteract the inside field). The shielding experiments actually described in ch.3 are 1954-era closed-circuit tests (Ironing Board 26 Mar 1954, Trapeze, Aluminum Box), not WWII tests. In ch.7 the generator, capacitor and electrometer are all inside the same grounded stainless-steel box, with the field given as about 10^-2 V/m at 30 A. No test with an open-circuit detector outside a closed grounded shield is described in the manuscript or its appendix.
3. This capacitor voltage (P.D. = B V l) is a direct way to measure electron drift velocity and conduction-electron density, and drift velocity at large current density is higher at low temperature, by up to about 10^10 in superconductors (patent, with the drift-velocity figure printed wrongly and corrected in 1972; essay). Added by QE: in the one dry-ice series on record (Gibson 1983) the reading at 30 A was 95 microvolts after 5 h and 37-45 after 17 h, against 60-125 at room temperature, and fitted I^4 rather than I^2; ch.7 of New Horizons says dry ice 'approximately doubles' V and then says V 'does not increase with decreasing temperature' (inconsistent as printed).
4. The field polarizes neutral atoms and attracts matter like gravity, so Earth's gravity is an electric (polarization) effect (patent; essay). The essay says the attraction experiment was only planned.
5. A strong enough B x V field (pulsed coil, steady non-inductive disk, superconducting version) could cancel or reverse the polarization that gravity induces, so objects would lose weight, become weightless or be repelled (anti-gravity), with possible spacecraft lift (patent; essay). Predictions only. QE check: no weight, balance or gravity-meter result is reported in the patents, the manuscript, its appendix or Gibson 1983; NASA's 1995 'rise of the nonferrous disk' is a conditional phrase about the patent's FIG. 4 device, not a Hooper observation.
6. Earlier evidence that this field is linked to gravity: the 1957-59 Fisher/Hooper spinning-magnet rotor gave gravity-meter deflections, but Hooper records that a sound absorber removed them and sound or a buzzer alone reproduced them, and the project collapsed (essay). Hooper nonetheless kept the belief in the link. Gibson adds that Hooper's later rotor measurements, by capacitor-electrometer or gravity meter, were swamped by the magnets' fields and by vibration and noise.
7. The field can penetrate barriers, enabling communication, power and detonation signals through concrete or armor, and electrical energy "available everywhere on the earth" could be tapped (patent; essay). Speculation. QE additions: Hooper does name an energy mechanism, ultra-high-frequency pulsating B x V induction fields from the atoms of the earth harvested by 'ultra-high frequency rectifiers' (New Horizons ch.5-6; Gibson 1983: antenna, transistor valve, tank circuits), with no frequency or power magnitude given; he links it to T. H. Moray, citing Dr Carl Eyring (BYU) that Moray's energy came 'at least in part' from field energy 'in the earth itself' (quoted through Moray's own book). The patent also proposes desalination (FIG. 8: B x V field separating Na+ and Cl- in flowing brine; no test reported), and the related US 3,656,013 adds desalination, an arc-plasma confinement and 'transmuting hydrogen into helium' passage, with no data.

Note: the patent's five claims cover only the hardware (non-inductive cylindrical coil, insulation, cryogenic cooling, hollow-tube winding), not any gravity or motional-field effect.

QE additions (from deep reads of the Investigator files; none changes the seven claims above): - Source gap for the generator data: the folder documents hold no measurements. The only raw data are Gibson's 1983 tables (Feb-Jul 1969, taken before she says the supply imbalance was found, and reported by an interested party). At 10 A the room-temperature reading was 7, 10 and 15 microvolts on three days (not a single 5), so the gap to the classical drift velocity is about 100-300 fold. At the same 13 A the reading was 15 microvolts at 48 V supply and 100 microvolts at 160 V (added resistance); at 30 A, 200 microvolts at 160 V and 360 at 225 V. Gibson's own rebuttals are that the imbalance 'was always a negative factor' and that the hot-generator rise 'was not totally due to thermoelectric effects, because there was a substantial jump back at 25 amps'. - Test and replication record: the only independent test found is NASA's 1995 null result on flat coils (weights and gravity within error; NASA did not test the vertical-bundle generator). Klicker's 1986 thesis calls the Montana State shielding 'duplication' a 1985 student course paper by T. Lamb summarising work by Stover and Klicker, and says he could not reproduce the generator measurement; his only generator number (14 microvolts at 30 A) is a calculation. - Related lines kept in the record for later steps: Hooper's 1963 APS paper "Rotation of Flux about a Magnetic Axis" and the unipolar-induction/homopolar lineage (the US 3,656,013 FIG. 11 yoke result belongs here), Fisher's influence on Pascual Jordan's varying-G hypothesis, Moray/Eyring. - Supplementary documents: facts.json now also lists, after the two manifest entries, six Investigator-downloaded documents read in depth (New Horizons main text and appendix, Gibson 1983, US 3,656,013, NASA TM-106963, Klicker 1986). They are evidence, not manifest documents.