Znidarsic-Frank · Source catalogue

Znidarsic proposes a classical 'transitional quantum state' for atoms, based on a 'transitional velocity' Vt = 1.094e6 m/s which he says he observed in cold fusion (LENR) and gravitomagnetic (Podkletnov-type superconductor) experiments and identifies as the speed of sound in the nucleus. From Vt and an 'impedance match' (velocity of light in the electron shell = speed of sound in the nucleus) he writes Coulomb's law as a spring (Eqs. 2-4, Fmax=29.05 N, rp=1.409e-15 m), obtains Vt from a nucleon on that spring (Eqs. 5-6, rn=1.36e-15 m), treats a photon as a capacitor to 'derive' E=h f (Eqs. 7-15), obtains hydrogen radii rx=n^2 rh (Eqs. 16-20, 19B extension to Z and muonic atoms), the fine-structure constant as 2Vt/c (Eq. 23), a transition-intensity argument (Eqs. 24-32), the Compton frequency from Vt/(2 rp) (Eqs. 33-34) and a classical de Broglie wavelength (Eqs. 35-41). The closing sections say a macroscopic body forced into one transitional state by Bose-condensate vibration could induce strong gravitational and long-range nuclear forces, for propulsion, nuclear-waste reduction and new energy sources. The deep read (own numerical checks, tagged calc) found that three tabulated constants carry everything: rp = re/2 and Fmax = e^2/(4 pi eps0 re^2) contain no h, but fc = me c^2/h does, so Vt = 2 pi fc rp = e^2/(4 eps0 h) = alpha c/2 exactly. E=h f (Eq. 15), r=n^2 a0 (Eq. 20) and alpha=2Vt/c (Eq. 23) are then algebraic rearrangements of the definition of Vt, i.e. h, the Bohr radius and alpha are in effect inputs. Eq. 3 as printed gives one quarter of the Coulomb energy of Eq. 2 (Fmax is the force at 2rp), offset by a factor 4 in Vt^2 in the hydrogen result. The one non-circular step is Eq. 6, which matches alpha c/2 to ~0.1% using a nucleon mass and rn = 1.36 fm, cited to Modarres (1987) with no shown derivation; the deep reader flags (memory, medium-high) that 1.36 may be the Fermi momentum in fm^-1 reused as a length. The 'empirical' basis of Vt is two order-of-magnitude products (50 nm LENR domain x thermal frequency; Podkletnov 3 MHz x 1/3 m disk, which uses plain frequency x diameter, unlike Eq. 1) and the author's statement that he observed the velocity; no lab, date or apparatus is given. Fine-structure argument is in words only; the claim that fractional spacing of fine-structure lines equals alpha conflicts with the standard ~alpha^2 scale (deep reader, memory, high). QE-REMEDIATION ADDITIONS (deep reads, [read]). (a) Physical claims beyond the equations, all asserted with no equation: nuclear spin-orbit LENR mechanism (p.2: 'Nuclear reactions can proceed, smoothly through the coulombic potential barrier, under a condition where the range of the nuclear spin orbit force is extended'; p.11: 'No radiation will be emitted after the range of the strong nuclear spin orbit force has extended to that of the electromagnetic'); non-conservation of magnetism (p.2: 'Magnetism is not a conserved property'; p.11: dynamic components 'are not a conserved and can be amplified under certain conditions', conditions and factor not given); the author's own 'theorem' (p.11: 'The constants of the motion tend toward the electromagnetic in a Bose condensate that is stimulated at a dimensional frequency of 1.094 megahertz-meters', no proof; 1.094 MHz-m is Vt itself [calc]); zero-energy wavefunction collapse (p.11: 'The convergence of the motion constants, within the transitional quantum state, increases the system's negative gravitational potential to the point where it equals its positive energy. The composite zero energy wavefunction is able to immediately collapse.'; [calc] electron gravity/Coulomb ratio is 2.4e-43, so the claim needs about 43 orders of magnitude of enhancement with no mechanism named); rp as the radius where the proton's electric field equals its strong field and where the 29.05 N electron-electron force 'is of the magnitude to induce the gravitational field of the electron' (p.11; 29.05 N is Coulomb at r = re = 2 rp [calc], the 'induces gravity' step is asserted); unification of quantum physics and Special Relativity (p.13, pointer to ref 26, Znidarsic, 'A Reconciliation of Quantum Physics and Special Relativity', General Journal of Physics, Dec 2005; that paper has not been obtained or read). (b) Inventor's answer to the energy-conservation objection (p.2, quoted in full in the deep read): 'The strength of the electrical field can be modified with the use of a dielectric. The existence of a gravitational "di-force-field" no more violates the principle of the conservation of energy than does the existence of an electrical dielectric.' It is an analogy only: no equation, energy accounting or gravitational permittivity is given. Mainstream note [memory, high]: a dielectric changes field strength without creating energy and the bookkeeping includes polarisation work, so the analogy supports 'a field can be modified' but not 'net energy is produced'. (c) Podkletnov figures are on Control p.2 itself: 'the 3 megahertz stimulation of a 1/3 of a meter superconducting disk' (3e6 x 0.333 = 1.0e6 m/s, about 9% below Vt [calc]); ref 20 is printed as 'Podkletnov E. and Levi A.D.', Physica C 203, 441-444 (1992); the 1992 paper's co-author is Nieminen [memory, high]. Page 2 gives no temperature, field, measured force or apparatus. (d) Cited experimental literature (refs 12-22, titles only; the paper reports no values from any of them): Miley 1996 (Ni thin-film transmutation), Mosier-Boss et al. 2007 (CR-39, Pd/D), Storms 1995 (review), Rothwell, Infinite Energy 29 p.23, 1999 (50 nm domain, a quoted magazine statement), Arata, Fujita, Zhang 2002 (positive thermal coefficient), Li and Torr 1992, Reiss 2002 (Physics Essays 16(2), cool-down anomalies in high-Tc superconductors), Tajmar and de Matos gr-qc/0003011 (a coupling theory), Podkletnov 1992, Papaconstantopoulos and Klein 1975 (Pd-H superconductivity, used to tie Vt to optical phonons), Modarres 1987 (rn). No null or negative result is cited anywhere; 'widely criticized' is the author's phrase with no source. (e) Eqs. 24-32 (transition intensity), transcribed: Eqs. 24, 25, 28 are asserted premises (Eq. 25 swaps rt for rp on one side); Eqs. 26-31 are correct algebra; the bracket in Eq. 31 equals h (6.625e-34 J s) by construction because h is inside Vt via fc = me c^2/h; Eq. 32 (rt^2 = n h/(8 pi^2 Me fe)) equals the quantum oscillator ground-state <x^2> only for n = 1 (the level-n result is (2n+1) h/(8 pi^2 M f)); that rt^2 sets transition probability or line intensity is asserted, nothing is compared with spectra. (f) Eqs. 33-41 (classical de Broglie wave), transcribed: Eq. 33 is Eq. 1 rearranged (circular); Eq. 34 is an exact identity because re a0 = (reduced Compton wavelength)^2 [memory, high], not an independent check; text says phases are set 90 degrees apart but Eq. 36 adds pi; Eqs. 38-40 algebra correct and give ct = h/(2Mv); Eq. 41 sets ct = h/(Mv), dropping a factor 2 without comment; h enters at Eq. 39 through the Compton frequency, so 'produced Planck's constant' is not supported by the algebra. The author also says the phase speed of the matter wave is luminal, whereas standard theory gives c^2/v [memory, high]. Pinning/'stiff imaginary bell' picture of mass pinned at elastic discontinuities (p.12) is asserted. (g) Page corrections: 'New Technologies' and the nomenclature are on p.14 (not p.13/p.15).

Key claims

• The velocity Vt = 1.094e6 m/s observed in cold fusion and gravitomagnetic experiments equals the speed of sound in the atomic nucleus.
• Quantum transitions proceed at points where the speed of light in the electron shell equals the speed of sound in the nucleus (an impedance match).
• Planck's constant equals Q^2/(4 eps0 Vt), i.e. E = h f follows from treating a photon as a capacitor with the transitional velocity in place of c.
• Hydrogen orbit radii rx = n^2 x 0.529e-10 m follow from setting the transitional velocity equal to n times the electron's elastic angular frequency times rp.
• The fine-structure constant equals twice the transitional velocity divided by the speed of light.
• The Compton frequency equals Vt/(2 rp), and the de Broglie wavelength h/(Mv) follows classically from a Compton wave plus its Doppler-shifted reflection.
• Forcing a macroscopic body (trillions of atoms) into a single transitional state by Bose-condensate vibration at about 1.094 MHz-meters would induce strong gravitational and long-range nuclear forces, usable for propulsion, nuclear waste reduction and energy.
• LENR can pass smoothly through the Coulomb barrier, and emits no radiation, when the range of the nuclear spin-orbit force (the magnetic component of the strong nuclear force) is extended to that of the electromagnetic force during the transitional state.
• Magnetism is not a conserved property; the dynamic (magnetic) components of the natural forces can be amplified under certain conditions, and a gravitational 'di-force-field' no more violates energy conservation than an electrical dielectric does.
• The constants of the motion tend toward the electromagnetic in a Bose condensate stimulated at 1.094 megahertz-metres (the author's 'theorem', stated without proof).
• Within the transitional state the system's negative gravitational potential rises to equal its positive energy, giving a composite zero-energy wavefunction that collapses immediately.
• The author's classical model, extended, gives a unification of quantum physics and Special Relativity (Znidarsic, General Journal of Physics, Dec 2005; not read).

Relevance: Main statement of Znidarsic's theory in this folder; the equations and the Vt identities are the basis for the mathematical and physical reviews. The spin-orbit, non-conservation and zero-energy statements on pp.2 and 11 are the inventor's physical basis for the LENR and gravity applications; none of them carries an equation.

Mainstream conflict: Mainstream quantum theory gives h, the Bohr radius and alpha as inputs/outputs of quantum mechanics (and QED) without a nuclear sound-speed link; the paper rejects the probabilistic interpretation, proposes a classical origin for the quantum condition, and relies on unreplicated LENR and gravity-anomaly experiments. Claimed gravitational/strong-force control of macroscopic bodies has no mainstream support. Additionally: non-conservation of magnetism and amplifiable force components contradict momentum and energy conservation as mainstream physics states them; the claimed zero-energy collapse via gravitational potential is off by about 43 orders of magnitude for electrons by simple scaling [calc]; the nuclear spin-orbit interaction is a short-range part of the nuclear force [memory, high] and no mainstream account extends it to electromagnetic range.

Short paper in Physics Procedia 20 (2011) 457-464 (SPESIF 2011), doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2011.08.040; peer review was under the responsibility of the co-author Robertson's own institute (Institute for Advanced Studies in the Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences) [read p.1]. Znidarsic is a Registered Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania. It contains no new experiment or measurement. It argues that energy flows in materials as mechanical waves with a 'speed of transition' Vt ~ 1e6 m/s, seen in LENR (50 nm domain x thermal angular frequency 1e13-1e14) and in superconductor junctions (a few nm x electron-pair fluctuation angular frequency ~1e14 from Robertson's unpublished chapter), and proposes a quantum condition: Planck's constant emerges when the speed of the electronic wave equals the speed of a longitudinal mechanical wave in the nucleus. Eqs. 1-27: Vt = 2 pi fc re/2 = 1.0942e6 m/s (Eq. 1); electron spring constant Ke = Fmax/(nx rx) (Eq. 3); neutron harmonic oscillator gives 1.0932e6 m/s with rn = 1.36 fm (Eq. 5); photon as capacitor C = 2 eps0 Vt/fe and E = h fe giving Vt = e^2/(4 eps0 h) = 1.0938e6 m/s (Eqs. 7-13); Bohr radius and n^2 scaling (Eqs. 14-18); de Broglie wave from Compton wave plus Doppler reflection (Eqs. 19-23); fe = 1.6448e15 Hz (Eq. 26); Josephson junction spacing rJ ~ 1.33 nm (Eq. 27). The deep reader finds Eqs. 1, 13 and 16 are the same quantity alpha c/2 (identity, not three independent observations), fe is half the Rydberg frequency, rJ = 8 pi a0, and only Eq. 5 (needs rn = 1.36 fm, unsourced) is not an identity. Input/output mismatches noted: Eq. 13 states Q=1.60e-19 C but uses exact e; Eq. 27 states e=3.2e-19 C but the quoted 1.33 nm needs 1.6e-19 C (3.2e-19 gives 0.333 nm); nx/ni ~ 1e-24 is not reproducible (Eq. 1 gives ~2.8e-8); Robertson product gives 1e5 not 1e6 m/s with stated inputs; text says rx = re/2 ~ rN though they differ by ~3.5e7; fe claimed 'of the range of the LENR' is 100-1000 times the stated LENR frequency, and 'about twice' the gravity-anomaly frequency has no stated basis; rp, M_-e, nB, omega_2e undefined; r_or = ne^2 r+h identifies the integer with number of electrons. The paper says that speeds at or above ~1e6 m/s allow new phenomena and 'free' (vacuum, dark) energy might be pulled from ~1e-9 m interactions, hedged ('would seem to imply', 'may lead to'); no energy balance or extraction equation is given. Cited experiments (Kitamura 2009 Pd powders; Podkletnov 1992 and 2003; Miley and Patterson 1997; Mosier-Boss 2007 CR-39; Li and Torr 1992-93) are cited but not analysed; Lawson 1957 is cited for a claim it does not directly address (deep reader, memory, high). QE-REMEDIATION ADDITION ([read: p.2-3]). The paper's LENR mechanism, verbatim: 'it is suggested that nuclear reactions can proceed without producing radiation under a condition where the range of the nuclear spin-orbit force is extends through the coulombic barrier. Whereby; the process of cold fusion may require a radical restructuring of the range and strength of the natural forces.' It is a single hedged sentence; 'spin-orbit' appears once in the paper, with no force law, range, magnitude or equation, and the mechanism plays no part in Eqs. 1-27 (the later nuclear content, Eq. 5, uses the strong nuclear force and rn = 1.36 fm, not the spin-orbit force). Citations: [1] Kitamura et al. 2009 (Phys. Lett. A 373:3109) is cited for LENR as the source of the transition speed, not at the spin-orbit sentence; [4] Miley and Patterson (J. New Energy 1997) for reported heavy-element transmutation; [5] Lawson 1957 for the 'millions of eV' statement (Lawson is a thermonuclear power-balance criterion and does not state a transmutation threshold [memory, high]); [6] Mosier-Boss et al. 2007 for 'very little, if no, radiation' (the CR-39 detectors are charged-particle track detectors and the paper reported tracks [memory, medium]; not checked). The same paragraph says 'a few high energy particles have reportedly been produced', not reconciled with 'little, if no, radiation'. The 50 nm domain and the positive thermal coefficient are uncited here (the Control paper cites Rothwell and Arata). Compared with the Control paper, this is a trimmed and hedged version: it drops 'smoothly through', the identification of the spin-orbit force with 'the magnetic component of the strong nuclear force', the 'commensurate' qualifier, and the convergence 'theorem' context; Eq. 1 uses rx = re/2 where Control's text speaks of a multiple of the proton radius rp. Nuclear-waste reduction is not mentioned in this paper.

Key claims

• Energy transitions in LENR and in superconductor junctions both occur at a speed of transition of about 1e6 m/s, and that is the minimum speed at which new phenomena (including release of 'free' vacuum energy) can occur.
• Planck's constant emerges as a condition on the speed of the electronic wave: Vt = e^2/(4 eps0 h) = 1.0938e6 m/s equals the speed of a longitudinal mechanical wave in the nucleus.
• A neutron on the electron spring constant (Fmax/2rn) with rn = 1.36 fm oscillates to give a nuclear wave speed of 1.0932e6 m/s.
• Hydrogen orbital radii scale as n^2 times the ground-state radius when the electronic wave speed is set equal to the transitional speed.
• A superconductor junction spacing of about 1.33 nm gives a transition speed of about 1e6 m/s for an electron pair.
• LENR and gravity-anomaly (Podkletnov) experiments are discrete quantized energy bursts, which may lead to clean energy and propulsion.
• Nuclear reactions can proceed without producing radiation when the range of the nuclear spin-orbit force extends through the Coulomb barrier (hedged: 'it is suggested').

Relevance: Peer-reviewed-venue (but co-author-institute-reviewed) restatement of the 2011 theory with Robertson, linking LENR, Podkletnov gravity anomaly and Josephson junctions through the same 1e6 m/s; contains the most explicit free-energy claim and several numerical inconsistencies.

Mainstream conflict: Treats LENR and the Podkletnov gravity anomaly (both unreplicated or disputed, in the authors' own words 'assumed speculative by mainstream science') as established inputs; vacuum 'free energy' extraction contradicts energy conservation as mainstream understands it; derivation of h from a capacitor model is circular; Cooper-pair/junction scale and nuclear sound speed have no accepted link.

The inventor's later book (113 pp.), found by the Investigator; not part of the Step 0 manifest and secondary to the two papers only in the sense of date, since it is the inventor's own account. Passages read: (1) p.71: 'The nucleon spacing has been determined by the scattering of these alpha particles. 34, 37 This spacing K f equals 1.36 Fermis. The reciprocal of this spacing is known as the Fermi wave number. The length of the nuclear spacing K f was inserted into the wave number in (9) producing (10).' [read: book p.71, verified against pdftotext]. Ref 37 is I. Sick, 'Precise Radii of Light Nuclei from Electron Scattering' (Springer 2008); ref 34 as printed is a Rossi E-Cat arXiv paper (1305.3913), so the numbering looks shifted [read per QE; reference list not re-opened]. The book's spring version differs from Control's: stiffness 'twice that of the electrical field', proton mass, and 'The longitudinal motion of a sound wave does not require an additional factor of 2 pi' [read per QE: book p.71]. So the inventor himself ties 1.36 to the Fermi wave number and uses it as a length; the standard nuclear-matter Fermi wave number is about 1.33-1.36 fm^-1 [memory, medium-high], and the reciprocal of 1.36 fm^-1 would be 0.735 fm. This bears directly on whether the 0.1% Eq. 6 match rests on a units slip; the source of the number is not settled by the book (Sick's He-4 charge radius is about 1.68 fm [memory, medium]). (2) p.49: at George Miley's invitation, 'in 2000, Znidarsic first presented his theorem at a meeting of the American Nuclear Society' (the inventor's account, documented in one published source; no second source found yet [read: book p.49]); the book also describes the nuclear spin-orbit force being expelled to the surface of a nano-particle, a diamagnetic-type picture of the LENR mechanism [read per QE: book around p.49]. (3) The book cites 'The Constants of the Motion', J. New Energy 5(2), Sept 2000 (http://www.padrak.com/ine/NEN_5_11_12.html) [read per QE: book ref 36], independent tests of Rossi's device (arXiv 1305.3913) as support, and Poole, Superconductivity (2007) p.4 as saying one million m/s is the speed of light in a superconductor [read per QE: book p.46].

Key claims

• The nucleon spacing in the alpha particle, determined by alpha scattering, is 1.36 fermis, and its reciprocal is the Fermi wave number.
• The inventor first presented his theorem at an American Nuclear Society meeting in 2000 at George Miley's invitation.
• Cold fusion proceeds by expelling the nuclear spin-orbit force to the surface of a nano-particle.

Relevance: Gives the inventor's own stated origin of rn = 1.36 fm, the input on which Claim 3b (the only non-circular numerical match) depends; also his account of contacts and presentation history.

Mainstream conflict: Same as the Control paper. Specific point: the quoted text treats 1.36 as both a length (spacing) and the reciprocal of a wave number, which is the units ambiguity the reviewers suspected.