Tolman-R: central claims

Source note (partial text, updated after QE): the only document is one 249-page OCR scan (248 pages OCR'd) of Tolman's 1917 book. The prose is readable, but nearly every displayed equation is garbled in the text layer, so equations were read from page images. Deep-read from page images (equations checked with SymPy or by hand): Chapters III-IV (PDF pp.45-65, 70), Chapter V (pp.66-78), Chapter VI sections 72-78 (pp.96-104), Chapter VIII (pp.119-137), Chapters X-XI (pp.154-180), Chapter XII sections 154-161 and 165-172 (pp.184-190, 193-204) and Chapter XIII (pp.204-238). The Step 2 reviewers also read the Project Gutenberg re-typesetting (research/files) for sections 21-23, 64, 77, 103-105, 109-111, 117-120, 146-150, 151-167 and 172; equation (229) was checked against the scan (it uses u_x; Gutenberg misprints u_z). Still digest-level only: Chapter I; Chapter II outside sections 21-23; Chapter VI sections 59-74 (apart from section 64); Chapter VII; Chapter IX outside sections 109-111; Chapter XII sections 162-164; the appendices. The digests contain known number and equation errors (listed in facts.json and deep/); where digest and deep read differ the deep read governs. Where a conclusion rests on [memory] alone it must say so, for example the history of the temperature debate, the Kaufmann-Bucherer-Hupka experiments (Wikipedia, secondary), Ives-Stilwell 1938, and whether Wilson's experiment was ever repeated with a magnetic dielectric.

The project is a mainstream 1917 textbook, not an outsider's theory. The claims below are what the book asserts, not verdicts. They follow the arbiter's corrected claim list, with additions from the QE deep reads.

1. Light speed is independent of source motion and absolute motion is undetectable; from these postulates follow time dilation, length contraction (by sqrt(1 - V^2/c^2)), the clock offset l'V/c^2, the Lorentz transformation and velocity addition (Chapters II-V). Caveats from the book and the deep reads: the derivation in Chapters III-IV is heuristic by the author's own statement (p.45), obtains the transformation "by trial", never states linearity, and the Newtonian limit needs c -> infinity (t' = t - Vx/c^2 has a first-order term); the book itself says the optical tests between Einstein's and Ritz's theories "have never been performed" (section 22). The book also makes a falsifiable proposal (section 46, PDF p.68): atoms in canal rays are "little clocks", so light from fast atoms viewed at right angles to their motion should have a lower frequency than light from atoms at rest, by the factor sqrt(1 - V^2/c^2) (eq. 40; no number, apparatus or experimenter given). The reviewers cite Ives-Stilwell (1938) as a later version of this test, measured longitudinally.
2. Mass is m0/sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2); the change in kinetic energy equals c^2 times the change in mass (exact for kinetic energy by integration; "all energy has mass" is argued by generalisation, "every reason for believing"); particle mechanics follows from a Lagrangian whose H/sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2) is invariant (H not uniquely determined, p.172). In section 77 Tolman states that experimental proof of mass-energy equivalence "will be hard to find" beyond the electron experiments and the momentum of light, suggests radioactive decay might explain non-additive atomic weights of decay products, and footnotes that the theory "points to the presence of enormous stores of interatomic energy" left at absolute zero (Chapters III, VI, VII, IX).
3. Momentum density equals energy-flow density divided by c^2, including energy carried by stress, so a strained body moving along X has transverse momentum; Tolman's stress tensor t is unsymmetrical (t_yx = (1 - beta^2) t_xy), with p = t + g u symmetric and equal to the modern tensor; and a moving right-angled lever needs a torque F1 l1 V^2/c^2, absorbed as growth of angular momentum, not rotation (Chapter X, the Lewis-Tolman lever paradox). Chapter XIII restates this as div T_m = 0 in a real-time non-Euclidean four-space (the Wilson-Lewis method, not Minkowski's imaginary time).
4. Entropy and pressure are invariant; energy E = gamma(E0 + p0 v0) - p v and momentum G = (E + pv)u/c^2; temperature T = T0 sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2) follows from the chosen kinetic potential H = -E0 sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2) and from treating heat as work; the hohlraum factor (4/3) a v0 T0^4 u/(sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2) c^2) holds for a cavity held by external pressure (a closed system with its wall stresses gives G = E u/c^2, Tolman's own eq. 193) (Chapter XI). Chapter VIII adds that the exactly equipartitioned quantity is = 3kT, not the kinetic energy: equipartition is "substantially exact" for electron-mass particles at ordinary temperatures, while particles of vanishing mass have E = 3nRT, twice the Newtonian value.
5. Maxwell-Lorentz theory, with the Lagrangian assumed (not derived), is Lorentz covariant: equations (227)-(229) transform e, h and rho (u_x in 229); charge is invariant; field energy E0 carries inertia E0/c^2 (E = (m0 c^2 + E0)/sqrt(1 - u^2/c^2), eq. 235); and the ether is "unnecessary" (an economy argument, not a measurement). Section 159 says the electromotive force on a moving charge is an electric force in coordinates stationary with respect to the charge, which "throws light" on the seat of the electromotive force in homopolar dynamos (three sentences, no equations or experiment). Section 172: Tolman's moving-dielectric equations agree with H. A. Wilson's rotating-dielectric experiment, but only the form for permeability near 1 was tested; he asks for a repeat with a high-permeability dielectric because the original Lorentz theory predicts a different equation (Chapter XII).
6. The electron-deflection experiments (Kaufmann, Bucherer, Hupka) are described by the book as a "triumph" for the relativistic mass law; emission theories: the first two variants are excluded by Stark-effect and sun-limb evidence, Ritz's variant only by Comstock/de Sitter binary-star astronomy, with no optical test performed (the book says so). Tolman gives no data, numbers or apparatus for either (Chapter II and p.56).