Parallax · Source catalogue

A 229-page Google-Books scan (OCR text layer, with some number errors) of the 1865 edition of Rowbotham's book. Page numbering: PDF page = book page + 5. It states the 'zetetic' method (Greek zeteo, to search): collect facts by experiment and reject theory-first reasoning (pp.8-11). Section 1 (pp.12-67; geodesy rebuttals at pp.49-67 deep-read in the second QE pass) argues from the Bedford Level canal observation (a boat and flag seen along 6 miles of water, where an 8 in per mile-squared curvature would hide them), the Irish Sea view of Great Orm's Head from 100 ft, a Brighton line-of-sight, balloon reports that the horizon stays at eye level, and the claim that surveyors ignore curvature, that the Earth is a plane with the north pole as centre and the south as a circumference of ice. It re-explains the hull-before-masthead disappearance of ships by a perspective 'vanishing point' at about 3000 times the object's height (pp.37-39), says circumnavigation and the gain or loss of a day are possible on a plane (pp.39-43), explains Polaris visibility south of the equator by perspective (pp.45-49), and disputes pendulum, meridian-arc and 'spherical excess' evidence for a globe (pp.49-67). It also gives southern-hemisphere circumference figures (Cape of Good Hope to Port Jackson to Cape Horn about 22,000 miles; Ross, Cape Horn to Port Philip 9,000 miles) as inconsistent with a globe, and proposes measuring a degree of longitude at 45 deg S (pp.55-58). Section 2 (pp.68-76) says the Earth has no axial or orbital motion, citing a ball dropped from a mast, an air-gun fired vertically (a 16 s flight, 8 s each way; said to fall back 'within a few inches' of the gun, and twice upon the very mouth of the barrel, although the surface would move about 5,600 ft in 8 s) [read: pp.73-74], and a pair of parallel iron tubes aimed at a star to test for a delay between signals (the author describes the tubes; the text read here gives no result). Section 3 (pp.77-79) triangulates the Sun by plane trigonometry from two stations on a meridian (London and Ackworth, 151 miles apart, altitudes 55 deg 18' and 53 deg 2', and a Southampton officer's 45 deg and 38 deg over 800 miles) to get 'under 4,000 miles', and says all stars are within 6,000 miles. Sections 4-8 (pp.80-93) say the Sun circles over the Earth concentric with the north pole, its circle changing in diameter through the year, with day and night from the Sun's lighted area and sunrise and sunset from perspective; southern seasons (New Zealand almanack, letters from Nelson) are said to differ from a symmetric globe. Section 9 (pp.94-110) says lunar eclipses are not caused by the Earth's shadow: eclipsed Moon seen with the Sun above the horizon (Paris 19 July 1750), total eclipses where the Moon stays visible and red (Avignon 22 Dec 1703, printed as 1708 in the OCR; Mr Forster of Bruges and Mr Walkey of Collumpton on 19 March 1848; the Hon. Mrs Ward near Dublin on the partial eclipse of 7 Feb 1860, which the book places after the 1848 sentences without a break; Glaisher on 1 June 1863), and an argument that moonlight is 'cold' (De La Hire, Prof. Forbes, Lancet 1856 thermometer tests with focused moonlight) so the Moon is self-luminous. Section 10 (pp.111-115) says tides come from the floating Earth rocking about twice a day under atmospheric pressure. Section 11 (pp.116-126) describes the Earth as a crust over a burning interior (temperature gradients of about 1 deg F per 50-70 ft; volcano accounts) that will end in fire. Section 12 (pp.128-159, numbered Section 12 in the text; the table of contents lists it as XII) covers the Moon's phases and appearance, the Neptune prediction (Le Verrier and Adams, with Babinet's 1848 criticism of the predicted orbit and mass) and the Foucault pendulum, treated at length (below). Section 13 (printed as 'SECTION 18' in the OCR, pp.160-178; the table of contents lists XIII) argues that distant ships and lights are seen where a globe would hide them (Nab Light-ship at Portsmouth May 1864; Eddystone from Plymouth; the Camera house mirror test at 110 ft, 25 Oct 1864; the Southsea to Ryde telescope sight across Spithead, 4.5 miles (the OCR reads '43'; the diagram prints 'DISTANCE ACROSS 4 1/2 MILES' and a mid-arc of 40 inches), with the observer's eye 2.5 ft above the water on Southsea Common (the OCR reads '24 feet'; page images pp.164-165) and the same 2.5 ft at West Cowes; a long list of lighthouses with stated visibility distances and the number of feet each 'should be below the horizon'), and that a strong telescope restores a hull lost to perspective on a calm level surface. Section 14 (pp.178-229) is a general summary and a theological argument: Newtonian astronomy rests on assumed premises, scripture is literally true on the form of the Earth, the 'plurality of worlds' contradicts Genesis and a roughly 6,000-year chronology (with a Herschel 1800 figure of 1,900,000 years of light travel), up and down are absolute in scripture, and the zetetic proof of a plane would answer atheism ('Cui bono?', a quoted Daily News article of 5 April 1865). The pendulum section (book pp.135-154, PDF pp.140-159) is the one portion read closely. The author reports no experiment of his own there. He quotes the Literary Gazette and Charles Maclaren's Scotsman summary of Foucault's 1851 pendulum (2 m wire, 5 kg brass bob, a plane turn of more than 11 degrees per hour at Paris, and the rule rate = 15 deg/h times the sine of latitude), then objections from 'B. A. C.' (Times) and 'T. T.' (Liverpool Mercury, 23 May 1851), a report that the pendulum follows the magnetic meridian (an unnamed writer and a 'scientific gentleman in Dundee', Liverpool Journal 17 May 1851), the Rev. H. H. Jones's demonstration at the Manchester Athenaeum (25 ft wire; observed 'nearly the third degree' west in under 7 minutes against a predicted 1 degree per 5 minutes, about 2.1 times the predicted rate, one interval only), the Punch satire, and his three conclusions: the plane varies so it proves nothing; the observation cannot show whether Earth or pendulum moves; and a ball-and-socket suspension could twist and cause the turning. A closing note quotes a French Academy item crediting Poinsinet de Sivry (1782) with the idea that a pendulum keeps its plane. The pendulum deep read checked the book's Foucault figures against the sine rule (Paris, London, Edinburgh, Cairo and Calcutta agree within minutes of arc or a fraction of an hour) [calc]. These tables are predictions from the rule, not measurements at each place. QE remediation (deep reads of the second pass, all in deep/earth-not-globe-book-c293c9.md). (1) Eclipse and moonlight, PDF pp.94-110: every record is a second-hand quotation from popular books. Horizontal eclipses: Paris 19 July 1750 (Carey, Astronomy and Astronomical Instruments p.105); 20 April 1837 and 20 Sept 1717 (McCulloch's Geography p.85); 17 July 1590, 3 Nov 1648 (OCR '38'), 16 June 1666, 26 May 1668 (Glaisher, Illustrated London Almanack 1864, whose wording is 'apparently above the horizon'; the author drops 'apparently' in his conclusion at p.102); the pages quote no explanation, and the author offers none from refraction. Red Moon in totality: Avignon 1703, Forster at Bruges 1848, Walkey (Phil. Mag. no.220, Aug 1848, 'The Moon positively gave good light from its disc during the total eclipse'; the author's ellipses cut his text), the Hon. Mrs Ward (Recreative Science p.281; a partial eclipse over eight-tenths on 7 Feb 1860, red from 1 h 58 m to about 3 h 05 m after her 1 a.m. start; she saw 'red hot' copper-colour), Glaisher on 1 June 1863 ('a fire smouldering in its ashes, and almost going out'). Moonlight tests: Lardner's reflector (null to 1/1000 degree), Dickens's All the Year Round, De La Hire (35 in glass, x300, air-thermometer, no effect), Forbes (30 in lens, f about 41 in, x6,000 or x3,000 net, thermo-pile, Moon 18 h past full, via Noad p.334, no effect) and the Lancet of 14 March 1856, cited in one sentence at second hand ('reduced the temperature upon a thermometer more than 8 degrees', no experimenters, scale or numbers; the only report of a measured effect, and a cooling). Prediction: Saros 6,585 1/3 days (Partington), the tables are empirical. (2) Geodesy, PDF pp.49-67: Beachy Head to Dunnose 339,397 ft by triangulation; the quoted encyclopedia itself says the perpendicular-degree result 'differed considerably' from meridian degrees and 'it has been found impossible to explain the want of agreement'; the eight-row Arbury Hill-Clifton table (60,766 to 60,890 fathoms per degree, degree lengthening southward over under 2 degrees of latitude) is described as 'as if the Earth were an oblong'; Peru 56,653 toises against Lapland 57,422, with a Swedish re-measurement said to cut the French Lapland figure by 196 toises (the book does not subtract: 57,226 - 56,653 = 573, Lapland still longer); the Phillips table (seconds pendulum 39.027 in at the equator, 39.139 in at London, 39.197 in at the pole, temperature 84.2 F to 0 F), Noad's 1/5000 per 30 F, Derham on air; on the book's own numbers rod expansion over the 84.2 F range is about 5.6e-4 against a printed length difference of 4.36e-3 (about 7.8 times larger), and the printed lengths are the lengths needed to beat seconds in vacuo at 62 F, not a given rod's thermal change; surveyors' back-and-fore levelling and House of Lords Standing Order No. 6 and Commons No. 44, which require a datum horizontal line on a drawn section and do not mention the Earth's shape; spherical excess from Castle's Treatise on Levelling, which the author attributes to magnification by the lens (Figure 21), with no measurement. Arithmetic slips in the book: the southern circuit 14,282 should be 15,282 (360 x 42.45), 7,718 and 8357 follow from it, the table entry at 85 degrees (5.53) should be about 5.23, and the plane-Earth degree 69.44 (25,000/360) does not match its own 26,433-mile circuit (73.43). (3) Sun and seasons, PDF pp.80-90: Glaisher's 1848 altitude table has no stated latitude and two entries that disagree with London geometry (Dec 21 = 12 against about 15; Mar 21 = 42 1/2 against about 38.5); the Cook's Strait Almanack for 1848 gives Wellington 14 h 58 m and 9 h 2 m and England 16 h 34 m and 7 h 45 m; the book states no latitude for Wellington, and calls New Zealand's latitude 'about the same as in England', which is not so (Wellington about 41 S and London about 51.5 N [memory: high]); the globe values at those latitudes are about 15 h 10 m and 9 h 11 m for Wellington and 16 h 38 m and 7 h 50 m for London [calc]; the twilight witnesses (Swainson, Thompson, an unnamed Nelson letter of 15 Sept 1857, Basil Hall at '28 degrees', place unstated) describe brief twilight at lower latitude with no measurement. (4) Orm's Head, Brighton and balloons, PDF pp.18-25: Douglas to Orm's Head 60 miles, visible from 100 ft (no observer, date or source); the book's 1,472 ft and 872 ft follow its 8-inch rule, but its 1,944 ft does not follow from 60 miles (2,400 ft) and fits 54 miles; the Brighton line (poles 6 yards apart, a vessel followed 40 miles, 266 ft predicted at the ends; no date, observer or measurement); balloon quotations from Wise, Mayhew, Elliott (Baltimore), the London Journal of 18 July 1857 and Glaisher and Coxwell, which describe appearance (Wise calls it an optical illusion) and give no measured dip. (5) Lighthouse list, PDF pp.172-178: 18 lights, 17 credited to Findlay's Lighthouses of the World (1862) and one (Ballycotton) to the Illustrated London News of 20 Oct 1849; the author takes the observer at 10 ft with a 4-mile horizon, squares the remaining statute distance, multiplies by 8 inches and subtracts the light's height; Findlay's own note says his ranges already add 10 ft for the observer and that refraction may add to them, which the author quotes at p.166 and does not apply in the list; Farn Island's printed 67 ft omits the height subtraction (22 ft by his method). (6) Southern navigation, PDF pp.26-30 and 55-58: the Wilkes sentence 'I made 70 degrees of it' is attributed to a letter to Ross, with no citation; Ross's reckoning quotes (12 to 16 miles a day, 58 miles in two days) and Ross p.483 on a southward fall of mean pressure from the tropic of Capricorn, a measured drop whose cause Ross calls undetermined, the link to a higher southern sea being the author's; the Challenger of 1845 comes from Milner's Tour through Creation and The Builder, 20 Sept 1862, with no wreck report; Ross's 9,000 miles from Cape Horn to Port Phillip over 143 degrees gives 22,657 miles; the author converts nautical to statute miles at 7/6, not 1.1508. Polaris (p.46, page read at QE): the book writes that the pole star was seen 'as far even as the tropic of Capricorn' and then cites the Times of 13 May 1862 for Captain Wilkins seeing the Southern Cross and the pole star at midnight at 23 deg 58 min, no hemisphere stated; the book's own framing places the sighting south of the equator.

Key claims

• The surface of standing water is level, not convex: a flag 3 ft above water on a boat was seen along 6 miles of the Old Bedford River from an eye 8 inches above the water, where a globe of 25,000-mile circumference would hide it by about 16 ft 8 in at 5 miles [read: pp.16-18].
• The Earth is a plane with the north pole at its centre and the south a boundary of ice, not a pole [read: pp.25-30].
• A ship's hull disappears before its masthead because of perspective (a vanishing point at about 3000 times the object's height above the surface), not because water is curved, and a powerful telescope restores a hull that has disappeared [read: pp.37-39; pp.160-162].
• A globe could not be circumnavigated by sailing 'due west' but a circular plane could, and the gain or loss of a day is equally compatible with a plane [read: pp.39-43].
• The Earth has no axial or orbital motion, because a ball fired vertically from an air-gun (16 s flight, 8 s each way) falls back within a few inches of the gun, twice upon the very mouth of the barrel, though the surface would move about 5,600 ft in 8 s [read: pp.73-74].
• Two parallel iron tubes aimed at a fixed star will show a distinct delay between signals (the author describes the arrangement to test the Earth's motion; the digest does not give a result) [read: pp.75-76 per digest].
• The Sun is under 4,000 miles from the Earth and all stars are within 6,000 miles, found by plane triangulation from two stations on a meridian [read: pp.77-79].
• The Sun moves daily in a circle concentric with the north pole, and the diameter of that circle changes through the year; day, night and seasons follow from this motion and from perspective [read: pp.80-90].
• Lunar eclipses are not caused by the Earth's shadow: eclipsed Moons have been seen with the Sun above the horizon (Paris 19 July 1750; 20 Sept 1717; 20 April 1837; Glaisher's 1590, 1648, 1666 and 1668, worded 'apparently above the horizon'), and the Moon stays visible and reddish in total eclipse (Avignon 1703; Forster 1848; Walkey 19 March 1848; Mrs Ward, partial eclipse of 7 Feb 1860; Glaisher 1 June 1863) [read: pp.94-103; deep read].
• The Moon is self-luminous, because focused moonlight (De La Hire x300; Forbes x6,000, x3,000 net) raised no thermometer reading [read: pp.103-107], and the Lancet of 14 March 1856 is cited as reporting that concentrated moonlight reduced a thermometer by more than 8 degrees (one sentence, second hand, no scale) [read: p.107].
• Tides result from the floating Earth rocking under atmospheric pressure about once every 12 hours [read: pp.111-115].
• The Earth is a crust over a burning interior, with temperature rising about 1 deg F per 50-70 ft of depth [read: pp.116-126].
• The Neptune prediction does not support Newtonian theory: Le Verrier's predicted orbit (period 217 years, mass 38 times the Earth's) differs from the observed planet [read: pp.131-138 per digest].
• In Foucault pendulum runs the plane of vibration is variable, not uniform, so it is not evidence of the Earth's motion [read: p.158].
• A turn of the pendulum's plane cannot show that the Earth moves under the pendulum rather than the pendulum over the Earth, and treating it as proof is circular reasoning [read: pp.156, 158].
• A ball-and-socket suspension such as Foucault's could twist and by itself cause the observed turning [read: pp.158-159] (the deep read notes the source describes the globular joint only for Jones's apparatus).
• Some pendulum experimenters found the plane follows the magnetic meridian, not the Earth's rotation (unnamed writer; Dundee, Liverpool Journal 17 May 1851), without numbers [read: p.153].
• At Manchester the Rev. H. H. Jones's pendulum turned about 3 deg west in under 7 minutes against 1 deg per 5 minutes predicted, about 2.1 times the predicted rate, one interval, no repeat [read: pp.154-156].
• Distant ships, shorelines and lighthouses are visible beyond the distance a 25,000-mile globe allows (Nab Light-ship; Eddystone; a Southsea to Ryde steamer funnel line over 4.5 miles from an eye 2.5 ft up, with 40 inches of arc predicted; Great Grimsby tower '60 miles', a Times sentence of 16 Oct 1854 about the Queen's visit) [read: pp.162-179; page images pp.164-165, 172-173].
• A 110 ft elevation mirror test showed the horizon at eye level (Plymouth Camera house, 25 Oct 1864) [read: pp.168-170 per digest].
• The degrees of longitude measured in the southern hemisphere are larger than a globe predicts: at 45 deg S the plane gives 69.44 statute miles per degree where the globe gives about 49.52 (the author proposes a direct measurement in Australia) [read: pp.55-58].
• Scripture is literally true on the form and fixity of the Earth, and the plane Earth is the answer to atheism and to the 'plurality of worlds' [read: pp.178-229].
• The variation of the seconds pendulum's length with latitude (39.027 in at the equator, 39.139 in at London, 39.197 in at the pole) is explained by temperature (Noad: 1/5000 per 30 F) and air density (Derham) without an oblate Earth [read: pp.51-54; page images pp.52, 53]; on the book's own table the temperature effect is about 5.6e-4 of the length against a printed difference of 4.36e-3 [calc].
• Meridian-arc measurements do not agree and do not show an oblate Earth: the Arbury Hill-Clifton table has degrees lengthening southward 'as if the Earth were an oblong', and Peru (56,653 toises) against Lapland (57,422 toises, with a Swedish correction of 196 toises) shows 'no two sets of experiments agree' [read: pp.49-51; page image p.50].
• 'Spherical excess' and the sea-horizon dip seen in a levelled theodolite come from the magnifying lens of the instrument (Figure 21), not from the Earth's curvature [read: pp.63-67; page image p.66].
• Surveyors abandoned allowing for curvature (forward levelling) for back-and-fore sights, and House of Lords Standing Order No. 6 and Commons No. 44 require a horizontal datum, which the author reads as an admission that the Earth is a plane [read: pp.59-61].
• New Zealand's seasons and twilight are incompatible with a globe: at Wellington (said to have a latitude 'about the same as in England') the Cook's Strait Almanack for 1848 gives day lengths of 14 h 58 m and 9 h 2 m against England's 16 h 34 m and 7 h 45 m, and twilight there is brief, explained by the Sun's light sweeping a larger circle on the plane [read: pp.86-89; page image p.82].
• The Great Orm's Head, 60 miles from Douglas Harbour, is visible from an altitude of 100 ft, where the book computes the Welsh summit 872 ft below the horizon [read: pp.18-19; no observer, date or source given].
• A line stretched between two poles 6 yards apart on rising ground at Brighton cut the rigging of a vessel followed westward over 40 miles, where a globe would put the ends 266 ft below the line [read: pp.20-21; no date, observer or measurement given].
• Balloon observers (Wise, Mayhew, Elliott, the London Journal of 18 July 1857, Glaisher and Coxwell) report the horizon always level with the eye and the Earth looking concave; the quotations describe appearance (Wise: 'an optical illusion') and give no measured dip [read: pp.22-24].
• Eighteen lighthouses are said to be seen beyond the globe's horizon by 22 to 634 ft of 'drop' (17 from Findlay's Lighthouses of the World, 1862; Ballycotton from the Illustrated London News, 20 Oct 1849); Findlay's own note says his ranges add 10 ft for the observer and that refraction may add to them [read: pp.166, 174-178; page images pp.174-178].
• Southern navigators failed to circumnavigate the Antarctic region (Wilkes 'made 70 degrees of it'; Ross found himself 12 to 16 miles a day ahead of his reckoning), and southern circuits (22,000 miles; Ross's 9,000 miles over 143 degrees gives 22,657) exceed a 25,000-mile globe's circuit at 45 deg S, so a degree of longitude there should be about 20 miles longer than the globe predicts [read: pp.26-30, 55-58; the book's arithmetic has slips: 14,282 should be 15,282].
• Ross measured a gradual fall of mean atmospheric pressure southward from the tropic of Capricorn (Ross p.483), which the author takes to mean the southern sea stands higher [read: pp.28-29]; the pressure drop is Ross's report, the sea-height inference is the author's.
• The north polar star has been seen as far south as the tropic of Capricorn (the Times, 13 May 1862: Captain Wilkins saw the Southern Cross and the pole star at midnight at 23 deg 58 min, no hemisphere stated) [read: p.46].
• Lunar eclipse timing needs no theory: the Saros of 6,585 1/3 days and empirical tables predict eclipses without the globe [read: pp.109-110]; a semi-transparent body, not the Earth's shadow, is proposed as the cause, citing Royal Astronomical Society (1850) and French Academy (1846-47) remarks on a possible further non-luminous satellite [read: pp.103-110].
• The Kane open polar sea tide argument, a spirit-level bubble that never settles (taken as evidence of a floating Earth), and Herschel's 1,900,000-year light travel against a 6,000-year chronology are further minor arguments [read: pp.114-115, 200-202 per digest].

Relevance: This is the foundational text for the project. It presents the 'zetetic' claim that observation at the scale of a person (a canal, a coast, a balloon, a pendulum) shows a stationary plane Earth, and supplies the specific observations (Bedford Level, ship disappearance, pendulum) that the reviewers must weigh. The long pendulum section is the one place the author engages published experimental accounts and lets the reader see source texts he quotes at length. The deep reads add that nearly every observation in the book is quoted at second hand from popular books and journals; the author's own contributions are the reinterpretations (temperature for the pendulum, lens for spherical excess, perspective for hulls) and the arithmetic, which has slips.

Mainstream conflict: It conflicts at nearly every point: mainstream science holds that the Earth is an oblate spheroid that rotates and orbits the Sun, that the Sun is about 150 million km away, that lunar eclipses are caused by the Earth's shadow, that tides are lunar and solar, and that the Foucault pendulum's turning is the Earth's rotation (the sine-of-latitude rate arises from the Coriolis term). Reviewers must check the specific points rather than rely on this label: refraction over water (which the author discusses in the Bedford Level and horizon passages) and the effect of wave height on a low line of sight bear on the Bedford Level and long-distance sightings; the Jones result and the pendulum scatter bear on Airy-type ellipse precession in short pendulums [memory: medium]. The Foucault figures quoted in the book agree with the sine rule when checked [calc]. Pendulum length: the book's temperature explanation is about 7.8 times too small on its own table [calc]. New Zealand: the day-length figures fit a globe at Wellington's real latitude [calc]. Eclipses: horizontal eclipses and a red totally eclipsed Moon are answered by atmospheric refraction [memory: high]; the pages quoted give no explanation from the sources. Lighthouses and Orm's Head: ranges depend on observer height and refraction, which the list does not apply [memory: high].

A colour wall map of the world drawn on an azimuthal equidistant projection centred on the north pole, so that the continents are laid out around a central pole with the southern lands spread around the outer rim, inside a red ring marked with the 24 hours (Roman numerals; 'MORN' at VI, 'EVENING' at VI, 'NOON', 'MIDNIGHT'). Printed headings: 'New Standard Map of the World, on the projection of J. S. Christopher, Modern College, Blackheath, England, Scientifically and Practically Correct, As It Is'; 'Longitude and Time Calculator'; 'Patent Allowed November 15, 1892. Applications made in England, Canada, France, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Austria'; 'Published by the Buffalo Electrotype and Engraving Co.'. Two small yellow discs show the June solstice and December solstice sun positions at noon (the Sun said to move round the Tropics in a spiral circle, widening every day, and to light the southern portion of the Earth 'from the Arctic Circle to some portion of Antarctic ice' on 21 December; 'There is no sunlight beyond 80 deg south, but unknown regions of ice'). Two scales along the bottom relate English or land miles to nautical miles and degrees of longitude to minutes of sun time. The map makes no argument in prose beyond these captions. It illustrates the north-pole-centred picture described in the 1865 book, though it is later (1892) and by a different hand, and it is not itself from Rowbotham.

Key claims

• The world can be represented, 'as it is', on a north-pole-centred disc map on which a ruler can be laid across the scale to convert degrees of longitude to minutes of sun time [read: page image, printed captions].
• On 21 December the Sun moves round the Tropic of Capricorn and lights the southern part of the Earth from the Arctic Circle to some part of Antarctic ice; there is no 'sunlight' beyond 80 deg south [read: page image, caption beneath the December disc].
• From 21 June the Sun moves round the Tropics in a spiral circle, widening every day, until it reaches the southern outer solstice on 21 December [read: page image, caption beneath the June disc].

Relevance: A later pictorial statement of the flat-Earth layout whose theory the book argues (north centre, southern edge, Sun circling above, as in book Sections 4-6). Useful as the reader's picture of the model; it adds no experiments. It is a commercial product with a patent claim, so the 'scientifically and practically correct' wording is the publisher's characterization.

Mainstream conflict: It presents a flat disc projection as the Earth 'as it is'. Mainstream cartography treats the azimuthal equidistant projection from the pole as a legitimate way to draw a globe's surface (it is used for the UN emblem, for example) while distances away from the centre are stretched around the rim; the label 'as it is' goes beyond what the projection shows [memory: medium]. The solstice captions and the 'no sunlight beyond 80 deg south' remark conflict with the mainstream account of polar day and night.

Step 0 skipped this file as an unsupported type (.webp). Viewing the converted image shows the same map as flat-map.png: the same titles, red 24-hour ring, solstice discs and scales, in a file named 'l1600'. Both files measure 1200 x 1597 pixels (sips, read only), so it is a same-size duplicate of the same image, not a higher-resolution copy. No text was extracted.

Relevance: A duplicate of flat-map.png at the same pixel size (1200 x 1597); it adds nothing to the record.

Mainstream conflict: none beyond flat-map.png