Ives: Investigator site log (STEP I)

Run 2026-10-07 (first Investigator run, inside the full review; 10-minute cap, 9.6 minutes of web searching and browsing used: timer 573 s). Chrome used for all searching and browsing; WebFetch used only where Chrome refused a domain ("Permission denied": text.nxg.me.uk, wiki.naturalphilosophy.org, opg.optica.org) and curl to save PDFs. The owner's request for this project asked to gather Ives's publications, so 21 documents were saved in research/files/ (OCR text of the scanned Ives papers in research/files/ocr/). No logins, no forms, no CAPTCHAs met (an Anubis proof-of-work page at pure.mpg.de and a Cloudflare check at loc.gov cleared on their own).

Keywords tried

Google (Chrome): "Ives" "Derivation of the Lorentz transformations" 1945 Philosophical Magazine pdf; "Anti-Relativity in Action" "Herbert E. Ives"; "Herbert E. Ives" papers "Library of Congress" OR "finding aid" correspondence; Pobedonostsev Parshin Ives-Stilwell experiment; "Einstein Myth and the Ives Papers" Hazelett Turner contents OR pdf; "An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock" Ives Stilwell filetype:pdf; site:conspiracyoflight.com Ives; Ives "Physical Significance of Birkhoff's Gravitational Equations"; Ruderfer "Ives" gravitation ether neutrino; Ives "behavior of an interferometer in a gravitational field" pdf; "Richard Hazelett" OR "Dean Turner" Ives "Einstein myth" relativity Hazelett Strip-Casting; Botermann 2014 "Ives-Stilwell" time dilation lithium storage ring Physical Review Letters; "Ives" 1938 "moving atomic clock" OR "atomic clock" "Science News Letter" OR newspaper Einstein Ives Bell Laboratories 1938; site:nytimes.com "Ives" ether 1938 OR 1939 OR 1941 "atomic clock" OR relativity "Bell Telephone"; site:nytimes.com "A MYSTERY DEEPENS" Ives ether; site:worldradiohistory.com "Bell Laboratories Record" Ives "atomic clock"; Builder 1958 "Ether and Relativity" Australian Journal of Physics pdf Ives; Ives relativity correspondence "Butterfield" OR "Dingle" OR "Callahan" "Ives" anti-relativity allies Lalli; "Martin Gardner" "Ives Papers" Hazelett review "Non-Euclidean"; Roberto Lalli Ives PhD thesis Milan "Ives" relativity pdf air.unimi.it; "Revival of the Larmor-Lorentz ether" Lalli Ives. Other: archive.org advancedsearch ("Einstein myth" OR "Herbert E. Ives" OR "H. E. Ives" OR creator:(Ives, Herbert)); loc.gov manuscripts Ives family papers Herbert Ives; Google Patents inventor:(Herbert E Ives) before:priority:19540101, plus (doppler OR velocity OR clock OR interferometer). Follow-up Q10 (2026-10-07): Online Books Page renewal list entries (JOSA, Physical Review, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical Magazine, Nature, Bell System Technical Journal); HathiTrust Bib API by record 000521149/006191469 and ISSN 0031-899X, 0003-049X, 0199-9818, 1941-5982, 0028-0836, 0005-8580; HathiTrust in-item search Revisions of the Lorentz transformations (uc1.c2887751); archive.org advancedsearch collection:pub_optical-society-of-america-journal, title:(physical review) AND title:72, collection:pub_daedalus, title:(philosophical magazine) AND (date:1945 OR title:"vol 36"), "adventures with standing light waves" (no hit by title), title:(proceedings american philosophical society) AND date:1951, bstj5-2-320; ADS bibcodes as in the table. Follow-up Q20 (2026-10-08): Google (Chrome) Wiener 1890 standing light waves experiment electric vector photographic film nodes; Wiener experiment 45 degrees polarized plane of incidence no fringes electric vectors perpendicular; Magyar Mandel 1963 interference fringes two independent ruby lasers Nature; Fresnel Arago laws orthogonally polarized beams do not interfere Wiener oblique incidence 45° standing waves; Wikipedia pages Wiener_experiment, Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation, Michelson-Morley_experiment, Hughes-Drever_experiment, Resonator_Michelson-Morley_experiments, Two-photon_physics, Vacuum_permittivity, Aether_theories; Wikisource Ether_and_the_Theory_of_Relativity. Not tried: Wiener 1890 original (Ann. Phys. 276:203); Kostelecky-Russell data tables; PVLAS vacuum birefringence; Chen 2024 arXiv on the magnetic field in interference. Not yet tried (next run): "Stilwell" alone (G. R. Stilwell's later work); "Mandelberg Witten 1962"; "Otting 1939 Physikalische Zeitschrift"; "Ives" + "Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc." 1952; Dirac "Is there an aether" 1951; "Hazelett" + "Ives" letters; Science Service 1938 Ives; "Ives" "Science" 1940 "atomic clocks"; "Ives" + "Dingle" correspondence; German and Russian terms ("Ives-Stilwell-Versuch", "опыт Айвса"); "Prokhovnik" + Ives; "Mansouri Sexl" + Ives; Hathi Trust full-text search for "Ives" 1938 newspapers.

Leads for review

1. The inventor's own work

• The 1938 Ives-Stilwell paper itself (JOSA 28:215-226) is now in research/files/ with OCR. Table III gives eight measured second-order shifts (0.011 to 0.047 A at 6,788-18,350 V) against computed values; Table II shows no orientation effect (N/S/E/W). Ives and Stilwell's own caveat: every measured shift is smaller than the 0.09 A H-beta doublet separation. Bears on claims 1 and 2 and closes the "no numerical data" source gap. [web: conspiracyoflight copy]
• Ives and Stilwell's own reading (p.226, page image): nu = nu0 (1 - V^2/c^2)^(1/2) with nu0 the clock frequency "when stationary in the ether"; null experiments alone could be explained "more simply" by an entrained ether or ballistic emission, so a positive result gives "more decisive evidence for the Larmor-Lorentz theory". Claim 2.
• 1947 Historical Note (JOSA 37:810): Michelson-Morley fixes only the ratio of contractions; Voigt's, Lorentz's (l=1), an equal-volume and a no-clock-change contraction give different clock rates; the canal-ray data "decide unequivocally for l=1". Ives's principle stated in his own terms. Claims 2-3.
• 1937 papers on transported rods and clocks, apparent lengths and times, the Doppler effect and Michelson-Morley, clock aberration and the clock paradox; 1938 light signals around a closed path (Sagnac); 1940 moving mirrors. Claim 3 (the rod-and-clock construction).
• 1952 Derivation of the mass-energy relation and the 1953 Note replying to Riseman and Young: primary text for claim 5, including Planck's 1907 objection.
• 1953 Genesis of "Is There an Ether?": reply to Dirac (Nature 168:906, 1951); Sagnac and Michelson-Gale as positive first-order evidence for a fixed ether; cites Ives, Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. 26:9 (1952), a paper not in the NAS bibliography as read. Claims 2-3.
• 1948 gravitation paper (JOSA 38:413) abstract: velocity-dependent gravitational mass m0/(gamma - rdot^2/(c^2 gamma) - r^2 thetadot^2/c^2)^(1/2) gives Mercury's perihelion advance. First content for claim 4. Full text still needed (Optica, paywalled).
• Optica list adds "Extrapolation from the Michelson-Morley experiment", JOSA 40(4) (1950), to the bibliography.
• LoC MSS27508: Ives's correspondence, speeches and drafts 1906-1952; Einstein among correspondents. The primary archive for all claims.
• (follow-up Q10) Primary texts now in research/files/ as public-domain copies: Derivation of the Lorentz Transformations, Phil. Mag. 36:392 (1945), which derives the transformations from energy and momentum conservation in radiation impacting a reflecting particle, keeping "the space and time concepts of Newton and Maxwell" (Ruderfer's note in Moray's book cites it); Phys. Rev. 72:229 (1947) and JOSA 29:183 (1939) and 38:413 (1948), the gravitation papers (claim 4); Ives-Stilwell II, JOSA 31:369 (1941) (claim 1); Revisions of the Lorentz Transformations, Proc. APS 95:125 (1951); Adventures with Standing Light Waves, Proc. AAAS 81:1-32 (1951), and Ives-Fry, Standing Light Waves (Wiener repeated with a photoelectric probe), JOSA 23:73 (1933), bearing on the Moray standing-wave and photoelectric link; plus 1939-1950 JOSA papers on the chronotopic interval, double Fizeau wheel, moving media, radiation pressure, wave-packet impacts, one-way light speed, rod-clock transformations and the Michelson-Morley extrapolation. Not yet read in this review.
• (follow-up Q20) Ives 1951 Rumford lecture pp.11-12 and 30, and Ives-Fry JOSA 23:73 (1933): Wiener's standing waves repeated quantitatively with a photoelectric probe; photoemission "follow[s] minutely the orders of the standing wave pattern". Direct evidence that light beams superpose in space as waves do in a medium. Bears on claim 7a (photon) and the standing-wave context (primer 4.8).

2. Supporting information by others

• Pobedonostsev and Parshin (Khlopin Radium Institute; 1991-1995; SPIE paper saved): canal-ray repeat at 150-2,000 keV reporting a systematic deviation from SRT, "more than twice" at 150-300 keV. Bears on claim 1 (and on whether the second-order factor holds at higher energies). Mainstream counterpart: Botermann et al. 2014 at beta 0.338, agreement to < 4 x 10^-9 frequency accuracy (saved). Both must stay in the record.
• Einstein's public statement, NYT 27 Apr 1938: the experiment is "the most direct proof yet" for relativity, while the same article frames it as verifying the ether. Claim 2: contemporary evidence that both sides claimed the result at once.
• Bell Laboratories Record 1947 (employer, interested party): "first direct proof of the system of compensation for motion embodied in the theories of Larmor, Lorentz and Einstein". Claim 2.
• US Naval Research Laboratory bibliography (Benton 1959): lists Ives 1938/1941 as experimental verification of clock retardation and Ives 1937 as resolving the clock paradox "through motion relative to the ether". Claims 1-3.
• P. W. Bridgman used Ives's arguments in "A Sophisticate's Primer of Relativity" (1962) and wrote "Comments on Ives' Papers on Relativity" (1959, Harvard), sympathetic but arguing Ives's real-but-undeterminable absolute simultaneity contradicts his own operationalism (per Lalli 2014). Claim 3.
• (follow-up Q20) Doug Marett, conspiracyoflight.com (2010): two independent HeNe lasers beat at a photodetector; only same-polarization modes beat; blocking one beam removes all beats. With Magyar and Mandel (Nature 198:255, 1963) and Pfleegor and Mandel (1967): independent beams do combine where they overlap. Bears on the Q20 premise that crossing beams "do not seem to combine".

3. Closely related work

• Neo-Lorentzian line: G. Builder (Aust. J. Phys. 1957-58), M. Ruderfer (PRL 5, 1960 Mossbauer ether-drift test; 1975 "Neutrino structure of the ether", built on Ives's gravitation papers), S. Prokhovnik, Mansouri-Sexl test theory. Claims 3-4 and the Moray link.
• E. Preikschat, Birmingham thesis (1968): Mossbauer rotor search for a preferred frame, limit 2.0 +/- 5.2 cm/s, discusses Ives 1948 one-way light speed. Claim 2.
• Dirac 1951 "Is there an aether?" (Nature 168:906): a mainstream physicist proposing an aether, which Ives answered. Claim 2.
• A. A. Faraj, "The Ives-Stilwell Experiment" (General Science Journal): compares Larmor-Lorentz and emission-theory predictions with the data (author's characterization). Claim 1.
• Later anti-relativity reception: Hazelett and Turner volume (1977/1979, rev. 2005; Hazelett was vice president of Hazelett Strip-Casting Corp. per Martin Gardner, a critic); cited by Nieper's free-energy book, by the geocentrist "Galileo Was Wrong", and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Relativity Criticism Group" in the Cultural Revolution (2019 study). Dingle and Janossy as later dissenters (Lalli 2013 snippet).
• (follow-up Q20) Preferred-frame tests: resonator Michelson-Morley limits 10^-17 (Herrmann; Eisele 2009) and about 10^-18 (Nagel 2015); Hughes-Drever clock-comparison limits; Fermi-LAT 2009 no vacuum dispersion (MAGIC 2007 hint of energy-dependent photon speed from Markarian 501, superseded); light-by-light scattering seen by ATLAS (2016) and CMS. These rule out a Galilean ether but not Ives's Lorentz ether, which predicts the same nulls (claims 2-3). Einstein's 1920 Leiden address: an ether with physical qualities to which "the idea of motion may not be applied". Bears on claim 2 and the Moray/Ruderfer ether link.

4. Historical record

• Library of Congress MSS27508 (transferred from the Smithsonian 1964-65; Mabel Ives gift 1966): letters from E. E. Butterfield (late 1940s-early 1950s) describing anti-Einstein feeling in "certain scientific circles", with Einstein and his followers "castigated as left-wing radicals"; Ives to Butterfield, 5 Oct 1951 (Box 13) speaks of championing "the classical English school of physical thought ... against the paradox of the Semitic school" (quoted by Lalli 2014, who reads it as implicitly anti-Semitic). Lalli 2013 analyses a "hidden network of allies" in this correspondence. Pertinent to how Ives's case was argued and received; the reviewers should weigh it and keep it.
• H. P. Robertson's referee report on Ives's 1947 Phys. Rev. gravitation paper (Caltech): calls the "Lorentzian" framing "a bit (ca. 40 yrs) out of date" (Lalli 2016). Robertson also wrote the relativity assessment in Ives's 1956 NAS memoir, so the memoir's verdict comes from Ives's referee and critic. That stake should be stated (SOURCE HONESTY: interested parties).
• NYT 8 May 1938 "A Mystery Deepens; Dr. Ives Revives Ether Controversy" (not read); Smithsonian photo of Ives at the April 1938 NAS meeting; Science Service records (SIA RU007091) may hold the 1938 press copy.
• Death date: LoC finding aid gives 3 Nov 1953 (third variant, beside 13 Nov and 15 Nov). Birth: LoC 31 July 1882; Chappell wiki 21 July 1882.

Corrections to earlier documents

• claims.md "Source gap" and claim 1 ("The folder gives no numerical data from the 1938 experiment"): the 1938 JOSA paper, with Tables I-III, and the 1947, 1952 and 1953 papers are now in research/files/ (web copies, OCR). The gap remains for 1941 Part II, 1945 Phil. Mag., 1947 Phys. Rev., the 1948-1951 papers and Hazelett-Turner. Update the source-gap note; do not drop it.
• README.md (source folder, read only) gives JOSA 31, 369 (1941) "from memory, not checked": confirmed as JOSA 31(5):369-374, May 1941 (Optica list; NRL bibliography 1959). Phil. Mag. 36 (1945) pages are 392-403 (Lalli 2013 snippet). Phys. Rev. 72:229-232 is August 1947 (APS listing), replacing the NAS deep read's "[memory: medium]" year.
• deep/2000-Bonizzoni-and-Giuliani...md "Sign mismatch" and deep/2015-...md reader note ("unknown whether the sign slip is Ives's, Giuliani's, or a typesetting error"): settled from the original. JOSA 28 p.216 (page image read) prints the centre-of-gravity shift as "lambda = lambda0 (1 - V^2/c^2)^(1/2)", while p.226 (page image read) states the clock rate as the frequency nu = nu0 (1 - V^2/c^2)^(1/2), which corresponds to a wavelength lambda0 (1 - V^2/c^2)^(-1/2), about lambda0(1 + B^2/2) as in the appendices and Table III. So the secondary authors quoted p.216 faithfully; the inconsistent exponent on p.216 is in Ives and Stilwell's printed paper itself (a slip or typesetting error there), not Giuliani's. Table III's computed column is lambda0(B^2/2), i.e. the magnitude of the +B^2/2 form; the direction of the observed shift was not checked on the page images in this run.
• facts.json and claims.md death date: add LoC's 3 Nov 1953 as a third recorded date.
• (follow-up Q10) Ives 1952 (JOSA 42:540), Ives 1953 Genesis and Ives 1953 Note (JOSA 43) are still in copyright: JOSA issues are renewed from December 1951 (Online Books Page, CCE/CPRS), and the Internet Archive lends the August 1952 issue rather than serving it openly. They are cited by reference only. The 1937-1947 papers are public domain.