Heaviside · Source catalogue

Saved Google Books viewer page for Vol. 1 of Heaviside's collected journal articles. The HTML itself holds only viewer chrome and the title. The three saved page images (rendered, no OCR text layer) are the Vol. I table of contents (Arts. 1-17, p. 1-95: Wheatstone bridge, differential galvanometer, duplex telegraphy, Edison's problem, electrostatic capacity of suspended wires, telegraphic signalling with condensers, extra current, speed of signalling through heterogeneous circuits, theory of faults in cables, electromagnets) and two pages of the continued contents (Arts. 18-28, pp. 112-365: induction between parallel wires, contributions to the theory of propagation of current in wires, dimensions of a magnetic pole, microphone theory, the earth as return conductor, relations between magnetic force and electric current including potentials of scalars and vectors and the operator del, the energy of the electric current incl. localisation of energy, thermo-electricity and the Second Law, induction of currents in cores). [read: page image] The contents show Heaviside's early telegraph engineering and the emergence of vector methods and energy-flux ideas. No article body text was read.

Key claims

• Electromagnetic energy is probably localised in the field rather than in the circuit conductors (contents, Art. 25 Section 4).
• Electromagnetic relations can be expressed compactly with vectors, curl and the operator del (Art. 24, 26 headings).
• Propagation of current in wires is a wave/diffusion process governed by inductance, resistance, capacity and leakage (Art. 20 heading).
• Thermodynamics (the Second Law) is applied to thermo-electricity, and the energy of the electric current is discussed under 'Probable Localisation of the Energy' (contents, tesseract read by QE).
• Papers on 'Transference of Energy. Ohm's Law', 'The Conservation of Energy' and 'The Minimum Heat Property in Conductors' appear in the contents [read: page image contents, QE tesseract].

Relevance: Source of Heaviside's transmission-line theory, vector reformulation and energy-flow ideas. Claims about specific results are from titles only; bodies unread.

Mainstream conflict: none (contents only; the material it indexes is mainstream, and his distortionless-line condition is standard engineering).

Saved Google Books viewer page for Vol. 1. The saved page images (rendered, no text layer) are the contents pages (Chapter I Introduction, incl. 'On the nature of Anti-Mathematicians and of Mathematical Methods of Enquiry' and 'Description of some Electromagnetic Results deduced by Mathematical Reasoning'; Chapter II Outline of the Electromagnetic Connections, sections 20-85) and a page of the contents covering sections 33-61 and 62-85. Topics include: forces and fluxes, permittivity/inductivity, circuital laws (curl), impressed force, motional electric and magnetic forces, a charge jerked into motion at the speed of propagation producing a spherical electromagnetic sheet, 'The Cardinal Feature of Maxwell's System. Advice to anti-Maxwellians', the Poynting flux and flux of energy, electromagnetic stress, electrostatic stress, force on magnetised matter ('Maxwell's solution probably wrong'), and 'Gravitational difficulty' in energy convection (sec. 68). Dated entries run Jan-Sept 1891 (first appeared in The Electrician). [read: page image] QE note: the page image shows sec. 85 at p. 107, so the earlier span 'pp. 20-131' is not supported and has been dropped. The contents also list sec. 63 'The Cardinal Feature of Maxwell's System. Advice to anti-Maxwellians', sec. 73 'Uncertainty regarding the General Application of the Electromagnetic Stress' and sec. 79 'Resultant Action on Solid Body independent of the Internal Stress, which is statically indeterminate' [read: contents p. xv].

Key claims

• Maxwell's theory is best stated in terms of the two circuital laws relating E and H with their sources (contents, secs. 62-65).
• Energy flows through the field at the Poynting flux E x H (sec. 70 heading; fuller derivation not read).
• Maxwell's treatment of force on intrinsically magnetised matter is probably wrong (sec. 83 heading).
• A suddenly accelerated or stopped charge generates a thin spherical electromagnetic sheet travelling at the speed of propagation (secs. 54-55 headings).
• The resultant force on a solid body is independent of the internal stress, which is statically indeterminate (contents sec. 79 heading; supports the point that different force densities give the same total force).

Relevance: The canonical statement of Heaviside's streamlined Maxwell theory (the four vector equations), vector analysis and energy flux. Its pugnacious attitude to 'anti-mathematicians' is relevant to how his ideas were received.

Mainstream conflict: none on the main theory (it became textbook electromagnetism); minor: Heaviside's 1891 view that Maxwell's force on magnets is wrong and a 'gravitational difficulty' note are historical, not tested here.

Saved Google Books preview (Cambridge University Press, pages shown by permission; pp. 140-141 not in preview). Three page images were read: pp. 139, 142, 143. p.139: Bessel-function (J0) solutions for E and H of a disturbance in a conducting dielectric with attenuation, eqs. (47)-(48); Heaviside says he leaves proof to the reader, the solutions 'very laboriously worked out'; describes a 'tail' left behind an attenuated pulse, and 'persistence of momentum'. p.142: diffusion solution for a conductor suddenly given boundary magnetic force; plane sheet of impressed force emits waves to left and right at speed v, giving H = -e/2 mu v and E = -/+ e/2 (eqs. 58-59). p.143: 'True nature of diffusion in conductors' as repeated internal reflexions; a thin conducting sheet transmits E2/E1 = 1/(1+2 pi mu k1 z v), with copper conductivity k1 = (1600)^-1 and mu v = 3e10 cm/s he finds the thickness to halve H is z = (2 pi mu k1 v)^-1 = (8/3 pi) x 1e-8 cm; a perfect conductor is a perfect reflector (doubles H, annuls E). [read: page image p.139, 142, 143] Units are Heaviside's 1880s CGS-like system with mu v = 3e10 (c in cm/s). Additional points found by QE on the same page images: p.142 sec. 10 'Effect of Impressed Force' says 'let p = ni, where n/2pi = frequency of alternations', i.e. Heaviside's operator p (d/dt) set to i*omega for sinusoidal driving [read: page image p.142] (the only use of the operator in the folder; the expansion theorem itself is absent). Also p.142: at high n, k and g act only as small attenuation exponents and E and H come into phase (low-loss limit). p.143: 'To produce dissipation of H with persistence of E requires the plate to be a magnetic, not an electric conductor', and 'the vorticity of e produces magnetic induction, that of h produces electric displacement' (electric-magnetic duality; the fictitious magnetic conductivity g underlies the distortionless condition). QE also confirmed eq. (62)-(63) numerically: z = 8.488e-9 cm, and that the transmitted H is 3/2 H1 and E is 1/2 E1 on the far side.

Key claims

• A suddenly imposed magnetic force on a conductor's boundary diffuses inwards; in good conductors the front is so heavily attenuated that the diffusion equation applies practically (p.142).
• A thin metal sheet attenuates an incident plane wave according to E2/E1 = 1/(1 + 2 pi mu k1 z v) (eq. 62, p.143).
• Magnetic diffusion in conductors is fundamentally repeated internal reflexion with partial transmission (p.143).
• A perfectly conducting barrier is a perfect reflector: it doubles the magnetic force and destroys the electric force on the incident side (p.143).
• Under a periodic impressed force the operator p equals i n, with n/2pi the frequency (p.142), the bridge from operational calculus to phasors.
• Dissipating H while keeping E needs a magnetic, not electric, conducting plate (p.143).

Relevance: Shows Heaviside's wave and signal-propagation mathematics, forerunner of the telegraph/skin-depth and transient analysis he used to defend self-induction against Preece.

Mainstream conflict: none (consistent with standard wave reflection and skin effect; QE recomputed the eq. 63 thickness, 8.488e-9 cm, and it matches the page).

Browser junk (analytics.js, gapi, CSS, UI icons, f.txt viewer script, placeholder 'saved_resource' stubs, cover thumbnails 'content'). The only useful items are content(1)-(3) page images in each folder, counted under the three books above. 79 files total (66 of them junk besides the nine page images, as counted by QE) in the folder. Cover thumbnails 'content' (49x80 to 128x198 px) and an ad GIF are also here.

Relevance: none beyond the page images.

Mainstream conflict: none