Bearden: central claims
No source gap for the text: both files (the 1993-94 paper bundle of three papers plus an appended comment, and US 6,362,718) have a usable text layer. The second copy of the paper bundle is a byte-identical duplicate and was skipped. Caveats: deep reads exist in deep/ for the 15 Feb and 13 May 1994 papers (Bearden-Final-secret-of-free-energy-1993-d9aa85.md, pp. 28-49) and for the patent (US6362718-383b35.md; claims 2-29 digest only); the 1993 main paper (pp. 1-27) has no separate deep/ file. The patent's figures were read as a page image (p.3, Figs. 7-8) but the other figure pages and the Fig. 1-2 drawings of the 13 May 1994 paper were not. The paper bundle reports no measurements at all; the only numerical performance data in the project are in the patent. Any statement that a device was tested or replicated must be sourced from the web by later steps.
- Energy and potential are the same thing, an ordering in the vacuum's virtual photon flux, and a scalar potential contains an internal harmonic series of wave pairs (a wave and its phase-conjugate), linking each charge to the whole universe (Whittaker/Ziolkowski structure). [read, 1993 paper]
- Electromagnetic force fields do not exist in vacuum, only potentials and potential gradients, so vacuum EM waves are longitudinal stress-potential waves; and electron charge is not quantized but is a coupled product of a massless charge and an inert mass, so that current dq/dt splits into massless displacement current d(phi)/dt (lossless energy flow) and mass current dm/dt (dissipation). [read, 1993 paper and 13 May 1994 paper; the splitting step d/dt[(phi)(m)] = (dphi/dt)(dm/dt) is printed as stated and is not the product rule]
- Conventional circuits draw power through the source's internal resistance, which destroys the source's charge separation (they are "underunity", with operational efficiency Alpha = load power / power dissipated inside the source below 1). A source used only to charge a collector (a long-relaxation-time doped element, a step-charged "rigidized" capacitor, or a Fogal charge-blocking semiconductor that passes only d(phi)/dt), which is then switched to a separate isolated load circuit, supplies energy from the vacuum at no cost to itself, so a battery could power a car or a grid indefinitely. In the Fogal CBS and transformer version (13 May 1994, Figs. 1-2) the supply can be switched out and the circuit runs as a self-powered "negative resistor". Bearden concedes that with ordinary capacitors step charging gives efficiency approaching 1.0, not above it. No measurement is reported for any of these circuits. [read, 1993 paper, 15 Feb 1994 and 13 May 1994 papers]
- Closed classical electromagnetics cannot yield overunity, so real overunity devices must be open to a hidden, freely replenished vacuum source (analogous to a heat pump, windmill or solar cell), to which the second law and local energy conservation are said not to apply; Maxwell's original quaternion theory, truncated by Heaviside into vector form, contained this and the gravity-EM unification. [read, 1993 paper, additional comments, footnote 25, and 15 Feb 1994 paper]
- A motionless permanent-magnet generator (Metglas core, alternately pulsed input coils at 87.5 kHz) delivers more output power than input power: measured COP about 1.7 to 2.6 at 10-75 V input (about 22 W output at 75 V), 3.44 per output coil at 100 V only as an extrapolation of the fitted curve; it can in principle self-power with only a start-up battery. The patent names the flux stored in the permanent magnet as the energy source and states that continued operation demagnetizes it. [read, US 6,362,718, text and page image p.3 for Figs. 7-8; the patent's claims 5 and 17 give a pulse width of 11.5 milliseconds against 11.45 microseconds in the description]