PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026-10-08 (Investigator, STEP I)

Site: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (esearch/efetch via curl; abstract saved as research/pages/pubmed-25012643.txt) Query: Widder Freund 1897 X-rays (following the Google result in query 11 of 2026-10-08-google-search.md) Result: positive (related, historical).

• Widder J., "The origins of radiotherapy: discovery of biological effects of X-rays by Freund in 1897, Kienböck's crucial experiments in 1900, and still it is the dose", Radiother Oncol 2014;112(1):150-2, doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2014.06.010, PMID 25012643. The abstract: Kienböck's "crucial experiments ... entailed the proof that X-ray-dose, not electric phenomena, was the active agent of biological effects ensuing when illuminating the skin using Röntgen tubes". [web] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25012643/
• Bearing on claim 2: the "condenser" (electrostatic) explanation of x-ray dermatitis, which Tousey in 1921 says "has not been proved" but "probably contains a certain element of truth" [read], was the subject of an experimental test about 1900. Tousey's book would need to be checked for whether it cites Kienböck. This is the experiment the reviewers should weigh against the condenser theory; the Investigator gives no verdict.