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Google search (Chrome) and sites seen only as listings — 2026-10-04

Every query run this session (Chrome, google.com): 1. "Schuster" "Hemsalech" "constitution of the electric spark" 2. makingscience.royalsociety.org "constitution of the electric spark" Hemsalech referee 3. "Further experiments on the constitution of the electric spark" 4. Royds 1908 "constitution of the electric spark" velocity Schuster Hemsalech Schenck 5. Hemsalech self-induction spark spectra "Comptes rendus" 1899 air lines disappear 6. "Gustave Hemsalech" OR "Gustav Hemsalech" spectroscopist biography 7. "Schuster and Hemsalech" metal vapour velocity spark jets electrode 8. "Schuster and Hemsalech for individual spectral lines" 9. Schenck 1901 Astrophysical Journal 14 116 spark "metallic vapor" velocity moving film 10. Hemsalech "Recherches expérimentales sur les spectres d'étincelles" thèse 1901 gallica OR archive.org 11. "Duration of luminosity of electric discharge in gases and vapours" 1913 12. Arthur Schuster papers archive correspondence Hemsalech Manchester OR "Royal Society" catalogue 13. Hemsalech "décharges oscillantes" Comptes rendus 1899 spectres self-induction

Leads seen as listings/snippets only (not opened; [web] = Google result text)

  • H. E. Schaeffer, "A study of the electric spark", Astrophys. J. 28 (1908) 121 (ADS PDF): "first found that sufficient self-induction in the discharge circuit causes the air lines to disappear ... Comptes Rendus, 129, 285, 1899"; also "metallic vapor in the spark is formed at the negative pole ... the metallic vapor must be a result of the disintegration of the cathode". https://adsabs.harvard.edu (1908ApJ....28..121S)
  • C. C. Schenck, Astrophys. J. 14 (1901) 116 — cited by Royds and Strutt as a moving-film spark study after Schuster-Hemsalech ("Schenck obtained such an..." in Royds). Not located directly.
  • Milner, Phil. Trans. — cited with Schenck by Strutt 1913. Not located.
  • Hemsalech, Comptes rendus 129, 285 (1899) "On the spectra of oscillating discharges" (ACS Reviews listing); C. R. 130, 898; 132, 917; J. de Phys. (3) 8, 652-660 (1899) and "Sur les spectres des décharges oscillantes (suite)", J. de Phys. 1900 (HAL jpa archive, https://hal.science, jpa-00240459 document listing); Hasselberg, "Note sur les spectres des décharges oscillantes", J. Phys. (3) 8, 153.
  • Nature vol. 78 (1908) via Dolnośląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa (dbc.wroc.pl): "Hemsalech (Comptes rendus, cxlii., 2, 1906) proved spectroscopically that the metallic vapour in the spark is projected solely from the positive electrode." Note: this conflicts with Schaeffer's "formed at the negative pole" and with the abstract's curves "extending from both poles"; record all three.
  • de Gramont: "Following the work of Schuster and Hemsalech on the effect of self-induction on the spectrum of an electric spark, de Gramont..." (Nature, dbc.wroc.pl listing) — related analytical-spectroscopy lineage.
  • 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica "Conduction, Electric/Gases" (J. J. Thomson), section "Constitution of the Electric Spark": cites Schuster and Hemsalech (Phil. Trans. 193, p. 189), Hemsalech (C. R. 130, p. 898; 132, p. 917; Jour. de Phys.), Schuster-Hemsalech self-induction "could obliterate the air lines"; snippet "The velocity of the vapour of metals of low atomic weight was in..." [web] https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Conduction,_Electric/Gases — page opened in Chrome; paragraph not extracted (text truncation). Partial.
  • I. I. Beilis, "Vacuum Arc Cathode Spot Theory. History and Evolution of ..." IEEE (2018): "Schuster and Hemsalech in 1898 [6] investigated macroscopic expansion of electrode vapor into air." — modern citation placing the work in arc/cathode-spot history.
  • L. Monnin (2022) HAL thesis "Etude de l'expansion d'un plasma de décharge à la surface ..." cites Schuster and Hemsalech [16] — modern plasma-expansion work.
  • L. Briatore, SISFA XVI congress (history of physics, Italian): discusses Schuster-Hemsalech photographic method and Royds. https://www.sisfa.org
  • Springer "Applied Spectroscopy": "Since the time of Schuster and Hemsalech, a number of investigators have used Kerr cells to resolve the spectrum in time" — the method as ancestor of time-resolved spectroscopy.
  • Scientific American author page "Stories by G. Hemsalech" lists "The Constitution of the Electric Spark" (reprint).
  • Arquivo da Universidade de Lisboa (archive.org) lists a Hemsalech bibliography (J. Phys. 1899; thesis 1901; "Détermination de nouveaux points de repère dans le spectre", C. R.) — possible biographical source.
  • Query 12 (Schuster papers): no archive catalogue of Schuster correspondence surfaced (Manchester Special Collections A-Z page only). Negative for this query.