2026-10-08 tuks.nl: Arbab and Satti (2009), Handwerker's source for the Sigma field

Found via Google (query 3). The journal site link (ptep-online.com/2009/PP-17-02.PDF) returned HTML, not the PDF; the tuks.nl copy downloaded: research/files/Arbab-Satti-2009-Progress-in-Physics-electroscalar.pdf (2 pages as stored; Progress in Physics vol.2, April 2009). URL: http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Material/Arbab%20and%20Satti%20-%20On%20the%20Generalized%20Maxwell%20Equations%20and%20Their%20Prediction%20of%20Electroscalar%20Wave.PDF

Found [read: the PDF text layer]

• Authors: Arbab I. Arbab (Department of Physics, University of Khartoum) and Zeinab A. Satti (Omdurman Ahlia University).
• Abstract: "the formalism shows that Maxwell equations and Lorentz force are derivable from just one quaternion equation that only requires the Lorentz gauge"; "We introduce new transformations that produces a scalar wave and generalize the continuity equation to a set of three equations. These equations imply that both current and density are waves"; "Maxwell equations are invariant under these transformations"; "An electroscalar wave propagating with speed of light is derived upon requiring the invariance of the energy conservation equation under the new transformations. The electroscalar wave function is found to be proportional to the electric field component along the charged particle motion. This scalar wave exists with or without considering the Lorentz gauge."
• Text: the electroscalar wave's "time and space variation ... induce a charge density and current density even in a source free" region; "such a scalar wave is purely electric"; "Maxwell equations are still exact and need no modifications. They steadily predict the existence of the a electroscalar wave if we impose the new transformation we obtained in this work."
• Google also listed later Arbab papers: an arXiv paper of 2010 titled (truncated in the snippet) "A quaternionic unification of electromagnetism and ..." (Google Scholar also lists arXiv:1003.0075, 2010; whether these are the same paper was not checked), a 2014 arXiv paper ("The modified electromagnetism and ..."), and "The Analogy between Electromagnetism and Hydrodynamics" (2011). Not read.

Bearing

Claim 2: Handwerker's equations (3)-(7), the Sigma field, "ρ and J travel at the speed of light" and "even if charge and current were not present" come from this paper, almost word for word. The paper itself says Maxwell's equations need no modification, which is a narrower claim than Handwerker's "Heaviside-Gibbs form is incomplete". Correction to the deep read about the Lorenz gauge: see sites.md "Corrections". The Arbab hydrodynamics papers are a lead for Handwerker's "hydrodynamics-electromagnetics analogy" (H2O deck p.15).